Children's conflicts during free play in a kindergarten were observed and analysed to examine if strategies adopted for resolving conflicts with within-group members were different from that for without-group members. The relationship among the children was defined by chlidren's membership to the same or different play groups. Subjects were 425 to 6 year old children in a kindergarten. Observations were made two or three times a week, using a tape recorder and field notes. Thirty-seven conflict episodes were collected and analysed. The results showed that with within-group members, strategy thatemphasised priority or strategy that appealed to the fact the object in dispute was indispensable for the play was adopted ; while with without-group members, children adopted strategies that stipulated the conditions for, or the limitation of, borrowing objects in question. These results indicated that children adopted different strategies in resolving conflicts according to the group membership of their rivals.

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The purpose of this study is to deliniate characteristics of cognitive functions of centenarians, and to compare them with those of younger elderly with and without dementia, using 174 men and women at and above the age of 100 years residing in Tokyo as subjects. Cognitive functions were measured, using Hasegawa's Dementia Rating Scale. Results showed that decline in women was more rapid than that in men, and the difference between the sexes increased as age advanced, even after controlling for education factor. Education was another significant factor on cognitive function ; higher education was related to better retainment of cognitive functions. Demented centenarians scored lower than outpatients with dementia. Analysis of items of the Scale revealed that cognitive decline of centenarians differed also in quality from that of younger demented patients. The above results suggest that decline of congnitive functions of the centenarians is due both to normal and to pathological aging. The measurements for this research were conducted during the years 1987 to 1989.

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The attachment of a captive infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) was investigated in the strange situation. In addition to video-recording of the whole episodes, a heart-rate telemetry was used to quantitatively evaluate emotional reactions of the subject. The subject was an 8-month-old female chimpanzee which had been artificially reared from two month. The "mother" was a male human surrogate who cared for her one to two hours a day. The "strangers" were those who were unknown to her. Seven strange-situation trials were observed with one week intervals. Results showed that in preseparation episodes, high levels of exploratory behavior including locomotion and manipulation was observed. In separation episodes, such as contact-seeking behavior, distress calls (cryings) and rocking increased. In reunion episodes, such as contact-maintaining behavior increased. The subject used her "mother" as a secure base to explore the strange environment. The heart rate showed distinct changes corresponding to each episode. Heart rate increased immediately in separation episodes and decreased to a relatively low and stable level in episodes with the presence of "mother". The results showed that the attachment of an infant chimpanzee in the strange situation was similar to that of human infants.

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The present study examined the effects of three kinds of models, who demonstrated donating behaviors with costs of three types (low, medium, and high), on the donating behavior of 2nd and 3rd graders. A fourth control model exhibited no donating behavior. In the experiment each subject first observed one of these four kinds of models on a videotape. Then the subject played a game and received five coins. Finally, the subject was requested to donate some of these coins to some poor children. The main results were as follows : (a) Though observing the high cost model most strongly facilitated subjects' donations, it seemed rather difficult for some subjects to imitate such highly self-sacrifical behavior. (b) The medium cost model was easily imitated by the subjects. (c) The low cost model was also easily imitated, though the mean number of coins donated under the lowcost treatment was slightly less than under the control condition. (d) Subjects seemed to learn principles of donating behavior from the models.

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This study investigated relationships between young children's reading of their own and friends' names and their acquisition of the Japanese syllabaries (kana). Sixty 3-and 4-year-old children were tested twice lngitudinally, reading their own names, friends' names, and kanasyllables, at an 8-month interval. The result was that there were individual differnces in the relationships between reading of names and kana, such that children were grouped into three characteristic types. First, a few children could read individual constituent kana, but could not read their own names. A second type could read their own names, but could not read all the constituent kana. Finally, there were some children who could read their own names including their family names, but who could not do so when they read friends' names. This last type seemed to learn to identify their own names as gestalts referring to themselves, prior to acquisition of individual constituent kana.

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