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Volume 39 (1998)
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Volume 39, Issue 4
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Satoshi Miura1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 363-368
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was designed to investigate how hearing-impaired infants respond to repair strategies in conversational situations. The subjects consisted of six 4-year-old hearing-impaired infants in a preschool for deaf children. For each subject, data was collected in a group conversation involving their preschool teacher and their hearing impaired peers. The subjects' responses to repair strategies were classified as“revision”, “repetition”or“no response”. Revisions were broken down into four subcategories: changes in communication mode, sentence constituents, phoneme and/or prosody, and non -verbal behaviors. Results indicated that the subjects were able to respond to most repair strategies. Revisions of sentence constituents and phoneme and/or prosody were the most frequent responses. These results suggest that a relationship exists between a subject's response pattern and repair strategy usage.View full abstractDownload PDF (769K) -
Tomohiko Ito1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 369-377
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is well known that hearing impaired Japanese children have difficulty using case markers in speech and writing. However, few linguistic studies have been reported which analyze these case marker errors. In this study, we investigated the case-marker errors of hearing-impaired children from the following linguistic points of view: 1) argument structure and phrase structure, 2) structural case and inherent case and 3) abstract case and morphological case. The subjects were 21 children of deaf schools aged 12 to 15. The results were as follows. The number and thematic role of noun phrases were correct in almost all sentences including case-marker errors. In addition, in sentences with case-marker errors, the order of noun phrases was correct in most active sentences. However, the reverse was true in most passive sentences. Moreover, while many errors in case marker occurred among structural cases, few case-marker errors were observed in inherent cases. Meanwhile, the abstract case did not coincide with the morphological case in most sentences. These results suggested that hearing-impaired Japanese children have knowledge of argument structure and D structure, and that many have knowledge of the difference between structural case and inherent case. However, they do not have complete knowledge of either the assignment and absorption of the abstract case or realization of the abstract case into the morphological case.View full abstractDownload PDF (1235K) -
—A Case of Mentally Retarded Children—Kunio Kishaba1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 378-382
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was designed to investigate the relationships between sentence comprehension strategies and cognitive development shown by Piaget. The subjects were 39 mentally retarded children with IQ (or DQ) ranging from 8 to 73. The sentences used on the comprehension test were reversible. The subjects were asked to move a toy animal according to the sentences they hear. Depending on the results, their types of sentence comprehension strategy were determined. Cognitive development was evaluated using a test for conservation of numbers and decentration.
The major findings were as follows:
1) Semantic strategy, word order strategy and particle strategy used to recognize active sentences were acquired during the preoperational period of cognitive development.
2) The subjects reached an operational period in which they could recognize passive sentences. They also acquired decentration.View full abstractDownload PDF (681K) -
—A Case of Mentally Retarded Children—Kunio Kishaba1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 383-387
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this study, the relationships between sentence comprehension strategies and the concept of order were discussed. Serial ordering tasks with picture cards were used to evaluate the concept of order. Subjects using particle strategy to recognize active sentences were tested to determine whether they could understand both the particle [ga] meaning agent and [wo] meaning object. Ability at particle comprehension was evaluated by their answers to interrogative sentences containing either [ga] or [wo] . The subjects were 39 mentally retarded children with IQ (or DQ) ranging from 8 to 73.
The major findings were as follows:
1) Subjects using semantic strategy were unable to understand order. Subjects using word order strategy could understand only irreversible order, and those using particle strategy could understand reversible order.
2) All subjects using particle strategy were unable to understand both the particle [ga] and [wo] . Some could understand either [ga] or [wo] .View full abstractDownload PDF (586K) -
Kikuko Hayasaka, Hiroaki Kobayashi1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 388-395
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe treated a three-year-old stuttering boy who exhibited delayed speech. Treatment began immediately after his stuttering appeared. The target of the treatment was to develop his speech and to modify his interiorized factors (personality)
According to typological diagnosis of infant stuttering developed by Hayasaka, the patient was of the U4-A2 type and his prognosis was poor. However, because treatment began just after the onset of stuttering and we treated not only disfluency but also neurological problems, personality problems and language development, his stuttering symptoms disappeared two years after the intake session.
Development of language was measured by MLU. The longer the MLU, the less intelligible was his utterance. The data differed from what we obsearved clinically. But the patient was able to communicate verbally with other persons and his weakness of personality (oversensitivity) abated. He was able to remain stable and could go to kindergarten.View full abstractDownload PDF (760K) -
Kazumi Asano, Keiko Gotoh, Sakae Sakurai, Ken Okamoto1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 396-403
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe reported nine patients of CATCH22. Velopharyngeal function, intraoral findings and videofluoroscope findings were evaluated. Velopharyngeal dysfunction was seen in seven cases (five moderate, two severe) Intraoral findings revealed four cases with bifid uvula and five cases with defect of the posterior nasal spine. Even among those whose velopharyngeal function was intact, intraoral abnormalities were seen in two patients. Three patients had submucous cleft palate, and four had congenital velopharyngeal incompetence. Velopharyngeal dysfunction resulted from imbalance in S/P ratio in two cases, dynamic dysfunction in one case, and both of these causes in four cases. Three of the seven patients who had S/P ratio imbalance had deep-seated pharyngeal cavities.View full abstractDownload PDF (1789K) -
Masahiro Kawaida, Hiroyuki Fukuda, Naoyuki Kohno1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 404-409
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecent advances in endoscopic equipment have permitted the development of a new type of endoscope, the“contact rigid endoscope, ”which allows detailed observations of the superficial layers of the mucosa. In this clinical study, detailed observations of benign laryngeal lesions were performed using a contact rigid endoscope for laryngeal use during direct laryngoscopy under general anesthesia. Enlarged color histological images were obtained using a contact rigid endoscope connected with a xenon light source, a compact 3CCD color video camera, a video tape recorder and a color video monitor. Results suggest that this new endoscopic technique enables new diagnostic approaches in laryngeal pathology.View full abstractDownload PDF (7048K) -
—I. A Study of Changes in Articulatory Function—Masaki Nishio, Seiji Niimi1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 410-420
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in articulatory function over time, from a point when speech intelligibility is still at a high level until oral communication becomes almost impossible, were studied perceptually and acoustically in two dysarthric patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) . The following results were obtained.
1) In analysis according to manner of articulation, accuracy scores for nasals maintained a high level and a trend towards global nasalization of articulation was observed.
2) For vowels, accuracy scores tended to be high for /a/ and low for /i/.
3) In accuracy scores for consonants according to phonemes also, a certain degree of communality between the two patients was observed ; also, phonemes which decreased in accuracy scores from the mild period tended to become more difficult to produce as the disease progressed.
4) Acoustic analysis revealed a reduction in the transition rate of both the first and second formants accompanying a decrease in speech intelligibility for all speech samples. It also showed a strong correlation with speech intelligibility.
These results suggest that this acoustic parameter is a sensitive index which objectively and quantitatively reflects changes in articulatory function.View full abstractDownload PDF (1207K) -
Satoko Yoshikawa, Yasushi Ishihara, Naoki Ohnuma, Masaaki Nagabuchi1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 421-427
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present paper is to study fitting of hearing aids for severe hearing loss. The relation between phoneme perception, accent/mora discrimination and aided HTL at each frequency was studied in 38 cases. In 21 of these, amplification characteristlics of the hearing aids were studied.
The results obtained were as follows. 1) Because severe hearing loss impedes nearly all hearing of phonemes, hearing aids should be fitted to reflect another aspect of language, prosodic features. 2) For severe hearing loss, the appropriate frequency response should be above the half-gain rule, at about 250Hz-3000Hz. 3) It should be necessary when fitting hearing aids to set a wide dynamic range, while conserving the acoustic organs.View full abstractDownload PDF (822K) -
Yoshisato Tanaka, Shigeko Harigai1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 428-441
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present paper aims to describe diagnosis and management of hearing impairment in multiply-handicapped children with auditory disorders associated with severe brain dysfunctions. For this purpose, ten young multiply-handicapped children with severe or profound mental retardation were selected from among patients referred to our clinic from other hospitals to receive our habilitation services for hearing-impaired children. Progress was followed over one year. Of the ten children, four had cerebral palsy and two had blindness as additional handicaps. Detailed audiological and neurological examinations demonstrated that eight of the ten children had moderate, severe or profound peripheral hearing loss. Of the remaining two children, one was found to have severe central auditory disturbances due to bilateral temporal lobe lesions caused by herpes simplex encephalitis, and the other was diagnosed as having transient hearing loss due to delayed maturation of the brainstem auditory pathways. All ten children were enrolled in our home training program, and the eight with peripheral hearing loss were given hearing aids immediately after the degree of their hearing loss was estimated. Hearing aids were successfully fitted, but substantial time was needed before it became possible to confirm the effectiveness of aural habilitation; in particular, 15 years were needed in one extreme case with severe hearing loss associated with profound mental retardation and cerebral palsy as well as blindness. Our findings obtained from the present long-term follow-up studies convince us that aural habilitation using hearing aids enables deveolpment of auditory functions which can be used for communication even in mutiply-handicapped hearingimpaired children with profound mental retardation, so long as long-lasting, patient habilitative servlces are continued.View full abstractDownload PDF (2105K) -
[in Japanese]1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 442
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (147K) -
Atsushi Sakakura1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 443-449
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo learn the present status of alaryngeal speech and to evaluate the satisfaction of patients with their current method of alaryngeal communication, a retrospective survey of patients who underwent total laryngectomy was carried out by questionnaire. A total of 681 of 971 laryngectomees in Osaka-Kyoto area responded to the survey.
Patients were divided into five groups according to their current method of communication: 1) writing, 2) esophageal speech, 3) electrolarynx, 4) pneumatic artificial larynx and 5) tracheoesophageal speech.
Patients using a pneumatic artificial larynx were significantly more satisfied with their speech (p<0.01) and also rated their overall quality of life higher (p<0.01) . On the other hand, patients with an electrolarynx were less satisfied with their speech and QOL.
The importance of electrolarynx has increased in spite of low satisfaction with speech and QOL, because the rate of patients using the electrolarynx has tended to increase.View full abstractDownload PDF (1141K) -
—An Aerodynamic Study—Katsuaki Nagai, Shigenobu Iwata1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 450-455
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe have been following the phonatory functions of esophageal speech. In this study, we simultaneously measured the air flow, pharyngeal pressure, sub-neoglottic pressure, pitch and intensity of esophageal voices in 14 laryngectomized patients. In measuring air flow, pharyngeal pressure and sub-neoglottic pressure, we adopted the peak value because the mean value was unstable. Pharyngeal and sub-neoglottic pressure were measured using two miniature catheter pressure transducers inserted through the nose. The recorded voices were judged by auditory impression. Sub-neoglottic pressure varied from 17.3 to 193.6cmH2O. These values were higher than those of subglottic pressure in the normal larynx during phonation. Sub-neoglottic pressure was always higher than pharyngeal pressure during phonation. Air flow rate, pharyngeal pressure and sub-neoglottic pressure of skilled esophageal speakers were higher than those of unskilled subjects. The aerodynamic study proved to be useful in clarifying the mechanism of esophageal speech.View full abstractDownload PDF (2519K) -
Noriko Kobayasi1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 456-461
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn speech rehabilitatio for laryngectomized patients, speech therapists should play major roles since they are directly responsible for (1) facilitating the pastients' full understanding of alaryngeal speech, (2) selecting appropriate alaryngeal communication means, (3) training of alaryngeal speech, and (4) counseling on and discussing with he patients, family members or colleagues problems relating mainly to communication. At Kitassto University Hospital, speech rehabilitation for laryngectomees has been systematically conducted by speech therapists in collaboration with medical doctors.
The results of esophageal speech training indicated the effectiveness of the training program. The outline of the program as well as the factors affecting the acquisition of esophageal speech were reported.View full abstractDownload PDF (801K) -
Minoru Kinishi, Mutsuo Amatsu, Kunihiko Makino, Mitsuhiro Mohri, Mika ...1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 462-467
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDuring the past 20 years we have been performing tracheoesophageal (TE) fistulization for voice reconstruction following total laryngectomy. The principle of this technique is to divert pulmonary air through the TE fistula into the esophagus and vibrate hypopharyngeal mucosa. Radiographical examination and manometry during TE phonation reveal that the thyropharyngeus muscle forms the retropharyngeal prominence on which the neoglottis is located.
Regular voice production at various pitches and voice intensities was seen in TE phonation, although the larynx was lost. Electrophysiological study demonstrated that the activity of the thyropharyngeus muscle increases as pulmonary pressure increases so as to raise the pitch or increase the intensity of the voice. Fibroptic examination revealed that the neoglottic closure is maintained during loud or high-pitched voice production.
Although TE speakers have lost the larynx, they produce voiceless and voiced sounds by articulatory adjustment. The EMG activity of the thyropharyngeus muscle decreases for voiceless sound production. Fibroptic observation revealed a transient neoglottal opening for voiceless sound production.
These results indicate that neoglottic phonatory and articulatory adjustments play an important role in the closing and opening of the neoglottic in TE speech.View full abstractDownload PDF (4233K) -
Noriko Nishizawa, Yasushi Mesuda1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 468-476
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is Known that active adjustment mechanisms of the neoglottal opening are present in speech organs of laryngectomees for air intake and voicing distinction of alaryngeal speech. Examinations were performed in an effort to determine the physical background of these neoglottal adjustments.
Methods: The subjects were volunteer esophageal-and tracheoesophageal speakers. Neoglottal width, EMG of the inferior pharyngeal constrictors and geniohyoid muscles, intraoral pressure and audio waveform were recorded simultaneously during swallowing, air intake and voicing distinction.
Results; The inferior pharyngeal constrictors and geniohyoid were found to act as the closer and opener of the neoglottis respectively, at least in swallowing and air intake for esophageal phonation. The voicing distinction, however, did not seem explainable simply by the reciprocal activity between the opener and closer of the neoglottis, although a transient increase in neoglottal width was found specifically for production of intervocalic voiceless consonants. In one subject, the opening of the neoglottis in voiceless consonant production was specifically accompanied by significant suppression of the EMG activity of the inferior constrictors. In the other subjects, however, no significant activation or suppression of the examined muscles was observed during neoglottal opening for voiceless consonant production.View full abstractDownload PDF (3840K) -
—Application of the Various Standardized Tests and its Problems—Masako Notoya, Kimie Nakamura, Junichi Washio, Tsutomu Uchiyama, Eiko ...1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 477-482
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStandardized language tests in Japanese for hearing impaired children have not yet been established. In clinical practice, the language ability of hearing-impaired children has usually been evaluated using tests standardized for normal-hearing children, such as the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), the Standard Reading Ability Diagnostic Test, the Tanaka-Binet Intelligence Test and the Token Test for the evaluation of hearing-impaired children. The results of the tests and practical problems in their application are discussed. Language evaluation, methods standardized for hearing-impaired children in the U.S. are also considered.View full abstractDownload PDF (837K) -
—Consideration of the Evaluation Items and Problems—Masako Notoya, Kimie Nakamura, Eiko Hirota, Toshiko Mori, Junichi Wash ...1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 483-487
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe results of a survey of speech-language therapists on language evaluation for hearing-impaired children are presented. The distinctive features of language evaluation for the hearing-impaired are analyzed in terms of vocabulary, syntax, and semantics.View full abstractDownload PDF (724K) -
Noriko Kurauchi, Naoko Ujita, Yasutoshi Shirasaka, Masae Shiroma, Haru ...1998 Volume 39 Issue 4 Pages 488-494
Published: October 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Cochlear Implant Section of the Hearing Impairment Subcommittee in the Language Committee of the Japanese Society of Logopedics and Phoniatrics was formed in 1993 and has been active in conducting questionnaire surveys, holding workshops and compiling reports. This report outlines recent trends concerning Cochlear implants for children, such as changes in the wearers, improvements of the coding method, the effects and limiations of cochlear implants, and changes of adaptation standard, as well as reports on the activities of the Cochlear Implant Section. The report also describes studies on the factors affecting individual differences of the effects, comparative studies on language development between children with normal hearing and children with a hearing aid, the development of evaluation and training methods, the preparation of rehabilitation programs, and future problems. When considering children's cochlear implants, it is important to consider all aspects including speech, language and communication ability, as well as listening ability.View full abstractDownload PDF (842K)
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