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Volume 42 (2001)
- Issue 4 Pages 304-
- Issue 3 Pages 205-
- Issue 2 Pages 121-
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Volume 42, Issue 2
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Hajime Hirose2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 121-128
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA review was made of voice disorders in patients with diseases of the central nervous system, including Parkinson's disease, pseudobulbar palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebellar ataxia, multiple system atrophy, multiple sclerosis and chorea. Voice symptoms and laryngeal findings were described together with the results of acoustic analyses in selected categories. It was concluded that voice change is one of the important clinical signs in cases of dysarthria.View full abstractDownload PDF (2975K) -
Hiroshi Fujino2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 129-136
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere have been many studies on symbolic play in developmentally language-impaired children that have verified their representational disabilities, but results have been varied and not unified. Such studies have compared symbolic play in language-impaired and normal children matched by chronological age or expressive language. Such matching procedure may be a problem. If symbolic play relates to receptive language rather than expressive language, subjects should be matched by receptive language level. Accordingly, this study compared the symbolic play of language-impaired and normal children matched by receptive language level. The Symbolic Play Test (SPT) was used to measure symbolic play performance. The results were as follows. There was no significant difference in SPT scores between the two groups. The mean developmental age of symbolic play in language-impaired children as converted from raw scores using Lowe's chart was significantly higher than the developmental age of receptive language. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between developmental age of symbolic play and receptive language. These results suggest that receptive language delay in language impaired children relates to representional ability in forming symbolic play.View full abstractDownload PDF (1088K) -
Tatsuo Nakagawa2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 137-144
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlthough a specialist's advice plays an important role in opting for a cochlear implant operation, it is parents who make the ultimate decision for a child. Parents become interested in cochlear implants after experience with a hearing aid, and some then decide to have their child implanted. What factors are related to that decision-making process? In the first part of this study, a questionnaire was given to 57 parents who have normal hearing and whose hearing-impaired child's hearing level was more than 90 dB. The purpose of the questionnaire was to determine the relationship between their evaluation of their child's hearing and speech and their interest in a cochlear implant. In the second part, the same questionnaire was given to 16 parents whose hearing-impaired child had already received a cochlear implant operation. By comparing the results for the pre- and postoperation questionnaires, we examined how parents evaluate an implantation's effectiveness on their child's hearing and speech. The factors that make parents decide for their child to receive a cochlear implant operation, and the validity of their evaluation of their child's hearing and speech, were considered.View full abstractDownload PDF (986K) -
Satoko Imai, Yukari Yamashita, Noriko Suzuki, Ken-ichi Michi2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 145-155
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to compare speech results in 18 patients who had undergone delayed hard-palate closure (two-stage operation, TSO) with those in 22 patients who had undergone early complete closure (one-stage operation, OSO) . The average age of the TSO was 1 year 8 months at closure of the soft palate and 5 years 8 months at closure of the hard palate. The TSO patients had worn a palatal plate between the first and second operation to cover the hard palate openings as well as to improve their speech.
At 4 years old, before hardpalate closure, slight nasal escape was observed in many patients. However, at 7 years old, after hardpalate closure, all patients except one exhibited good velopharyngeal function. This finding suggests the nasal escape may be due to leakage of air through clefts in spite of wearing a palatal appliance.
The incidence of articulation disorders in patients undergoing the TSO was 88.9%, whereas that of those undergoing the OSO was 59.1%. Eleven patients of the TSO group had glottal stops, 7 had Japanese lateral misarticulation, 4 had Japanese palatalized misarticulation, and 2 had pharyngeal fricatives. Glottal stops were found to disappear gradually without any speech therapy in tandem with improvement in velopharyngeal function. Eleven patients of the TSO group (61.1%) received speech therapy for articulation disorders.
Good velopharyngeal function was ultimately achieved after hard-palate closure, although the incidence of articulation disorders was high. Thus, the TSO method was seemed to yield the satisfactory speech results.View full abstractDownload PDF (1362K) -
Cooper Donald S., Ph. D.2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 156-164
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMuch research on structures underlying speech is based on non-human models. Sometimes we wish to know about non-human species, but more often often our basic objective is to apply the information acquired to humans. The objective of this paper is to indicate a strategy for this purpose, and exemplify it in regard to the larynx.
We may depict one particular animal group such as the eutherian mammals in terms of an archetype, from which the traits of constituent groups can be derived. This schema is applied to specify the relations between simultaneously existing species such as the subjects of our experiments.
The way to quantification of such relations was shown by D'Arcy Thompson. An important aspect explored here is the scaling of different species in relation to their spatial dimensions and physiology. We explore such scaling in regard to the size, mass, force, speed of contraction, fatigue-resistance, and precision of control of laryngeal muscles.
The use of appropriate procedures for physiological scaling, and other metaanalytic procedures, can assist us in the integration of available information abont laryngeal physiology, building on data from non-human species to improve the understanding of laryngeal function in humans.View full abstractDownload PDF (1218K) -
[in Japanese]2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 165
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (161K) -
—Evidence from SPECT Studies—Masaru Mimura2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 166-174
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLanguage organization and functional neuroimaging was discussed with special interest in the roles of the left and right hemispheres in recovery from aphasia. Two mechanisms have been postulated for the process of language restitution following aphasia; 1) partial recovery of left hemisphere language-related areas, and 2) activation in their homologous counterparts in the right hemisphere. In fact, functional reorganization of the language network may involve both hemispheres. In this review the results of our two experiments, prospective and retrospective (Mimura et al., 1998), are presented, suggesting a chronologically dissociable contribution of the left and right hemispheres for recovery from aphasia. The complementary results of both experiments suggest that the initial language recovery within the first year post onset may be linked primarily to functional recovery in the dominant hemisphere, while subsequent language recovery and long-term recovery from aphasia may be related to slow and gradual compensatory functional activation in the contralateral hemisphere. Recent activation studies using PET and functional MRI, in which activated or compensated areas are directly visible in aphasic patients, have also suggested a time dissociation in the role of left and right hemispheres. SPECT is clinically available in many institutions and suitable for carrying out serial studies. In addition, SPECT data are now analyzable using SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping) . For these reasons, we recommend SPECT for investigating longitudinal clinical issues affecting brain-damaged patients, such as the recovery process from aphasia.View full abstractDownload PDF (1264K) -
Yasuhisa Sakurai2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 175-180
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing Statistical Parametric Mapping, we reanalyzed our positron emission tomography (PET) study on reading of Japanese kanji (morphogram) words, kana (phonogram) words and kana nonwords. Common activation between kanji and kana was observed in the superior temporal, lingual, inferior occipital, fusiform and inferior temporal gyri, among which activity was most pronounced in the fusiform/inferior temporal gyri with kanji and in the inferior occipital gyrus with kana, suggesting that kanji and kana are processed differently. We also compared covert reading with reading aloud. The anterior insula, primary sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area were activated separately in reading aloud compared with covert reading, i.e., articulation or vocalization, whereas the anterior precentral gyrus adjoining the middle frontal gyrus, medial parietal operculum and middle superior temporal gyrus were activated in a conjunction involving these two reading task pairs, suggesting that they are process components in reading itself.View full abstractDownload PDF (2894K) -
—Positron Emission Tomography Studies—Jiro Okuda2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 181-187
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCerebral mechanisms underling auditory verbal memory were investigated using positron emission tomography (PET) with young, normal, right-handed male subjects. When the subjects' regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a word repetition task was compared with that during a control task involving word listening, significant increase in rCBF was observed in the left perisylvian area (Broca's area, supramarginal gyrus and Wernicke's area), the right perisylvian area (superior temporal gyrus), the bilateral primary and supplementary motor areas (SMAs), and the cerebellum. When rCBF while the subjects performed a word repetition task involving mental retention of 10 other words was compared with that during a control consisting of a word repetition task not involving retention of 10 words, significant increase in rCBF was observed in the left peri-perisylvian area (anterior inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, angular gyrus and fusiform gyrus), the right perisylvian area (superior temporal gyrus), the bilateral parahippocampal gyri, SMA, caudate nuclei and the cerebellum. These results suggest that the left perisylvian and peri-perisylvian areas involve different sub-processes in auditory verbal memory, and that the right perisylvian area, SMAs and cerebellum always support the functions of the left cortical areas during verbal activity.View full abstractDownload PDF (4958K) -
Norio Fujimaki2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 188-194
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis review summarizes a recent experiment conducted using fMRI and MEG to measure neural activation related to orthographic (more generally visual form), phonological, and lexico-semantic processes for visually presented Japanese katakana (phonogram) characters, pseudocharacters, and strings of these characters. Activity related to visual form processing was observed at latencies earlier than about 200 ms in the lateral extrastriate visual cortex, fusiform gyrus, and posterior inferior temporal areas. (1) The activation was the same between katakana characters and pseudocharacters, and between katakana strings or words and pseudocharacter strings. (2) The activation occurred in both hemispheres for single characters, but was left-lateralized for strings of characters. The activity related to phonological processing was observed at latencies later than about 200 ms in Wernicke's area, the supramarginal gyrus, and Broca's area or insula. To investigate differences in functional roles between the phonology-related areas, we conducted another experiment that required inner speech but no other phonological processes, and found that activity at all three phonological areas depended significantly on task demands. This result suggests that these areas worked together for inner speech, although they may each play different roles. Although activation for semantic processing could not be dissociated from that for the other processes in this study, there is a possibility that the semantic processing shares activation foci, e.g., near Wernicke's area, with the phonological processing.View full abstractDownload PDF (4236K) -
[in Japanese]2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 195
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (103K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...2001 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 196
Published: April 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (112K)
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