To examine the dimensions of perceived loneliness among high, middle, and low levels of loneliness, 91 male and 91 female students were administered the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and a perceived loneliness questionnaire. The UCLA Loneliness Scale consists of 10 positively-worded and 10 negatively-worded items. Responses to each of these items were given on a 4-point rating scale which ranged from never, rarely, sometimes, to often. To measure perceived loneliness, descriptions of 13 hypothetical lonely persons were presented to subjects. These descriptions were adopted from the research on the thirteen causes of loneliness by Michela, Peplau, and Weeks (1982). Subjects received the following written instructions: "On the following page you will find thirteen descriptions of thirteen hypothetical persons. I want you to read these carefully one by one and estimate to what degree each hypothetical person feels loneliness." Estimations of each of these hypothetical persons were given on a 4-point rating scale which ranged from not at alb slightly, somewhat, to very much.
Because the raw score was in the form of successive categorical data, the method of dual scaling was applied to the raw scores obtained from the UCLA Loneliness Scale for all subjects. Subjects were classified as being of high, middle, or low levels of loneliness based on a score from the dual scaling: 26 male and 6 female students of high level loneliness, 16 male and 16 female students of middle level loneliness, and 10 male and 24 female students were of low level loneliness. A test of sex difference was conducted by comparing frequencies of students on three levels of loneliness. A significant sex difference was found with there being significantly more lonely men than lonely women. In order to obtain information on the difference in judgements of loneliness of hypothetical persons in six samples, rank orders of judgements of loneliness for all samples were also based on numerical values by using the technique of scaling. The rank order data(13 hypothetical persons X 6 samples)were subjected to the method of dual scaling again, and two-dimensional solutions extracted. In the first dimension, the optimal weights of samples showed positive high values except for the high loneliness level of women, and the optimal weights for hypothetical persons' traits: 'pessimism', 'other's lack of trying', 'other's groups', and 'fear of rejection' showed positive high values, while those of 'lack of trying' and 'unpleasant personality' showed negative high values. The high loneliness level of women showed positive high optimal weight in the second dimension; in contrast, the low loneliness level of men showed negative high optimal weight. The hypothetical persons with the traits: are 'shyness', 'physical unattractive', and 'fear of rejection' showed positive optimal weights and those with 'other's fear' and 'pessimism' showed negative optimal weights.

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Two experiments investigated the effects of mood states on the process of persuasion. Wehypothesized that positive mood would facilitate the heuristic processing, whereas the negativemood would facilitate the systematic processing. In Exp.1, moods were induced by asking aboutarecent happy or an unpleasant event. Next, the subjects were asked to read a strong message ora weak message and answer an attitude change measure. As the predicted results, the subjectsin negative mood elaborated the message, indicating more attitude change to a strong argumentthan a weak argument relative to the subiects in positive mood. In Exp.2, Hypotheses were thatheuristic processing in positive mood would facilitate the processing of image advertisement andthat systematic processing in negative mood would facilitate the processing of persuasivesentence advertisement. Subjects were presented with advertisement stimuli and the need forpurchasing the merchandises was assessed. Asaresult, one of the measures indicated aninteraction effect supporting the hypotheses. Therefore, it is concluded that subjects in negativemood are likely to engage in systematic processing and elaborate a message. The distinctionbetween automatic processing and controlled processing are proposed.

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Psychological effects of two kinds of scents were investigated on a discrimination task. Twenty undergraduates, involving 7 male students, were assigned into four scent groups of 5 subjects in each. Olfactory stimuli were scents, Lemon and Rose, and each of which had different concentrations. Either of the scent stimuli or pure air delivered to a subject's nostril for 30 sec just before the task. During the task section, either of the longer (450 msec) or the shorter (300 msec) 1, 000 Hz pure-tone signal was presented randomly twenty times with an interval of 3 sec. The subjects were required to press a key when they found the shorter tone. This task section was repeated three times that forms one block; one session a day consisted of five blocks. All the subjects participated in the experiment of three sessions over three days in total. Among five blocks, the control stimulus of pure air was delivered in the first, third, and fifth block, and in others one of the scent stimuli delivered. Subjects' performances were assessed by measuring reaction times to the tone signal and number of response errors. In addition, measurement of heart-rate and ratings of mood were taken throughout the 5 experimental blocks. The results indicated that the scent stimuli with a higher concentration could improve the performance accuracy: the less number of error. This effect appeared to be larger in the Rose group than in the Lemon. In the second block, both kinds of scent with the higher concentrations produced larger changes on ratings of mood than with lower concentrations. It seemed that such effects of the scents on mood were different from those on the task performance.

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