Many studies have been proceeded on the "combustion behavior" of liquid flammable substances （including petrochemical products, some fermentation products, naturally derived products, etc.）. However, the observation of the behavior of radiant heat and the behavior of liquid flammable substance temperature profile and level change by combusting a substance occupies most of them, and there are few studies on the combustion behavior in the case of suppression of combustion or extinguishing a fire. Even in the case of some experimental conditions that can be extended to real-scale fires, there is a great danger of non-extinguishing fire. And a research has been delayed, especially in water-soluble/not ininsoluble liquid flammable substances, liquid flammable substances with high toxicity and harmfulness, and new substances that flammability is unknown. Under such circumstances, a fire extinguishing technology that covers a wide range of various liquid flammable substances has been established, and it has become possible to "consider the behavior of liquid flammable substances from the viewpoint of fire extinguishing".

The charge transfer of electrostatic discharges generated on a metal sphere protrusion during the loading of powder into a full-scale silo was measured using a novel Coulomb meter with a peak-hold function. The experimental apparatus consisted of a pneumatic powder conveying system including the silo, a hopper, the protrusion （40 mm in diameter）, and a discharge observation system. 3 mm polypropylene powder （approximately 800 kg） was used as the sample. The amount of charge transfer varied from several tens to several thousand nC （in negative polarity）, with a maximum value of －6045 nC obtained after all of the powder was loaded. This value corresponds to 87 mJ in terms of discharge energy, and this level can be an ignition source for not only combustible gas and vapor, but also for some powders.

In recent years, it is not uncommon to build services that provide new functions and value by linking multiple products and services. The linked services may include existing services in operation. On the other hand, when building services that include existing services, the new services are basically prioritized for requirement analysis and safety analysis, so the impact on existing services may be overlooked. Such impact on existing services may be caused by interactions between services. STAMP/STPA is effective for safety analysis focusing on interactions, but it is based on the identification of losses to be analyzed. Therefore, to avoid overlooking losses due to impacts on existing services, we devised a method to identify losses using CATWOE analysis, a method of requirements analysis technique. In this paper, we present the specific method and the results of case study confirming the effectiveness of the method.

According to the occupational accident statistics published annually by the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, a disturbingly high rate of occupational accidents by machinery categorized as “drawn into a machine” occurs in the manufacturing industry. The report entitled “Survey and Analysis Project for Safety Measures in Aging Production Equipment” by the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare shows the occurrence of numerous occupational accidents due to insufficient protection measures with aging machines. In my study, the remaining number of aging machines which still have insufficient protection measures, herein defined as existing non-conforming aging machines, is estimated. Subsequently, a correlation between the trend of the estimated remaining number of machines and the annual rate of fatal accidents caused by such is analyzed. The results reveal that the trends with the remaining number of machines correlate well with trends in the rate of fatal accidents. It was found that safety measures for existing non-conforming aging machines are essential to reduce accidents caused by these non-conforming machines.