Aquaculture Science
Online ISSN : 2185-0194
Print ISSN : 0371-4217
ISSN-L : 0371-4217
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Volume 57, Issue 4
Displaying 1-20 of 20 articles from this issue
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Original Papers
  • Molecular Identification of Anisakis type I Larvae in Japan (East China Sea) and South China Sea
    Saki Nakajima, Atsushi Yamamoto
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 525-530
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.525
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    In recent years, the development of genetic diagnosis technology has revealed that Anisakis type I larvae is composed of not one, but several sibling species, of which at least five have been identified (A. simplex sensu stricto, A. pegreffii, A. simplex C, A. ziphidarum, and A. typica). However, the distribution of these sibling species is not well known. In the present study, we identified the Anisakis type I larvae obtained from a patient diagnosed with anisakiasis as A. simplex sensu stricto, by PCR-RFLP on the ITS region, including the 5.8 small subunit rRNA gene.
    Furthermore, by using the PCR-RFLP method on Anisakis type I larvae obtained from Japan (East China Sea) and the South China Sea, we were able to identify 4 sibling species; A. simplex sensu stricto, A. pegreffii, a hybrid genotype, and A. typica-like larvae. We analyzed the ITS sequence of A. typical-like larvae, because the PCR-RFLP result was slightly different from D’Amelio et al. (2000) and was able to confirm the identification.
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  • Reproductive Strategies of Annual and Perennial Zostera marina in Mie, Central Japan
    Teruwo Morita, Yasushi Tsuchihashi, Hiroyuki Okumura, Akira Kurashima, ...
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 531-540
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.531
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    Seed production and “rafting” of Zostera marina L. in outdoor mesocosm tanks were examined to better understand the reproductive strategies of annual- and perennial-type Z. marina populations in Ago Bay, Mie. Almost all spadices on reproductive shoots of annual-type population achieved fruit ripening. Prior to seed release from spadices, annual-type reproductive shoots emerged from bottom sediments due to rafting. In contrast, reproductive shoots of perennial-type population released seeds from spadices, after which were broken off from the leaf sheath. The maturity index of the upper branches in annual-type population was higher than that of the lower branches. In perennial-type population, the maturity index of the upper branches was lower than that of the lower branches. Spadices formation in the upper branches of perennial-type population occurred continuously in the flowering season; however, the maturity index of the upper branches rapidly increased in the second half of the flowering season. Out of the 7286 seeds/m2 produced by annual-type populations, 88% disappeared from the stand and 12% became buried locally. In contrast, out of the 4100 seeds/m2 produced annually by perennial-type populations, 100% were buried locally.
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  • Vertical Distribution and UV Resistance in Two Undaria species, Undaria pinnatifida and U. peterseniana (Laminariales, Phaeophyta)
    Teruwo Morita, Youichi Maekawa, Makoto Uchida, Akira Kurashima, Miyuki ...
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 541-548
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.541
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    The relationship between ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity and the vertical distribution of young sporophytes of Undaria pinnatifida and U. peterseniana was investigated by culture experiments and measurement of the vertical profile of solar radiation on ship. The intensity of UV radiation required for inhibiting U. pinnatifida was higher than that required for inhibiting U. peterseniana. The vertical profile of the solar energy spectrum was ranged in wavelength from 300 to 350 nm at depths of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 m along the coast inhabited by Undaria species. The critical energy level of UV radiation for the growth of U. peterseniana was 0.29 W/m2. This value is in good agreement with UV radiation near 5 m depth, which is the upper growing zone of U. peterseniana. These suggest that U. peterseniana cannot distribute in the sublittoral zone of shallow waters less than 4 m in depth; however, U. pinnatifida can grow in such waters.
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  • Seasonal Variation in the Chemical Compositions of Akamoku Sargassum horneri Harvested in Chikuzen Sea, Fukuoka Prefecture
    Kaori Murakami, Yumiko Matoba, Kosaku Noda, Yoko Yamaguchi, Takato Fuj ...
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 549-556
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.549
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    The chemical compositions of a brown alga, Akamoku, Sargassum horneri harvested at the depth of 1-2 m in ocean areas of Chikuzen Sea, Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan, were investigated. This study was intended to elucidate the relationship between the chemical components and the growth of S. horneri. Both its length and weight reached their maximum values in March or April. Differences between male and female plants by their receptacles were completely distinguishable in the middle of April. The protein content varied considerably at the growing stages of the plant. The maximum value of protein content was observed in immature plant in December. The protein content decreased in the following two months, increased in March when the plant fully matured, and thereafter decreased continuously through the rest of test period. The carbohydrate and total dietary fiber content showed differences between the male and female from middle February to May. Significant changes were not observed in lipid contents through the whole period tested. The ash and total dietary fiber content in S. horneri were similar or rather higher than those of other edible alga.
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  • Diversity of Digestive Enzymes and Biochemical Properties of Major Polysaccharide Degrading Enzyme of Haliotis discus discus
    Kentaro Niwa, Hideaki Aono, Tomoo Sawabe
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 557-565
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.557
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    In order to elucidate the nutritional physiology on Kuro abalone Haliotis discus discus, activities of digestive enzymes were measured, and the three major polysaccharide degrading enzymes were purified and characterized.
    Lipase, protease and polysaccharide degrading enzyme activities were detected from both digestive fluid and homogenate of digestive diverticulum of the abalone. The enzyme activities of alginate lyase, cellulase and mannanase were rather higher than the other enzyme activities. An alginate lyase, a cellulase and a mannanase were electrophoretically purified. MW of there purified enzymes were 27.5, 64.6, and 38.1 kDa, optimal temperatures were 40, 40 and 55°C, and optimal pH were 7.0, 5.0 and 5.0, respectively.
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  • Juvenile Ecology of the Sea Urchin Loxechinus albus in Chiloé Island, Chile
    Sohei Kino
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 567-577
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.567
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    The natural distribution of the juvenile Chilean sea urchin Loxechinus albus was investigated to understand the ecology of the juvenile period from May 1987 to February 1989 in eastern coastal waters of Chiloé Island, Chile. Searching for juveniles by scuba diving and observing suspended bivalve culture lines was conducted. Juvenile L. albus at 38.5 individuals/m2 were found in Linao in February 1989. This was the maximum density noted in this study, and the juvenile size was 2.8-7.8 mm in test diameter. The habitat of juveniles was at the tip of the peninsula, where tidal drift was optimal and the depth was less than 6 m. Moreover, the bottom was pebbles or rock bed, and shell detritus or gravel was found. On the other hand, juvenile L. albus were also found on the suspended culture lines for oysters in Linao and Hueihue. Especially in Linao, approximately 540000 juveniles of 3.5 mm in test diameter were observed attached to suspended oyster culture lines in December 1988. The possible predation of juvenile L. albus in natural waters by juvenile crabs was suggested. According to findings on juvenile ecology, a fishing bank formation mechanism was discussed.
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  • Storage, Cutting and Culture Conditions of Filamentous Roots of Hiziki Sargassum fusiforme
    Ryusei Ito, Toshinobu Terawaki, Cyril Glenn Satuito, Hitoshi Kitamura
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 579-585
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.579
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    To develop an artificial seedling production method of Hiziki, Sargassum fusiforme, the effect of storage, cutting and culture conditions on the formation of erect stem from filamentous roots separated from holdfasts were examined. After the Hiziki harvest in end of April 2007, holdfasts remaining on cultivation ropes were collected, loosened to separate the filamentous roots and washed with the culture medium. Optimum storage irradiance of the filamentous roots, temperature and irradiance for erect stem formation and growth, and the width of cut filamentous roots were examined. Optimum temperature and irradiance to store filamentous roots were 12°C and 25μmol/m2/s at 12L:12D cycle. A temperature of 23°C and irradiances ranging 120-230μmol/m2/s at 12L:12D cycle were more suitable for erect stem formation and growth. Forty culture days after cutting, 85% of the filamentous roots formed erect stems and the mean total length of young thalli reached about 5mm. Filamentous roots cut finely to less than 2.5 mm width resulted in 3 times more erect stems than those cut to larger than 5mm. Above results suggest the possibility of artificial seedling production from cut filamentous roots.
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  • Status of the Sinking of Hatchery-reared Larval Pacific Bluefin Tuna on the Bottom of the Mass Culture Tank with Different Aeration Design
    Yosuke Tanaka, Kazunori Kumon, Akefumi Nishi, Takeshi Eba, Hideki Nika ...
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 587-593
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.587
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    Underwater observations were conducted in order to investigate the status of the sinking of larval Pacific bluefin tuna in mass culture tanks (bottom area 19 m2, volume 50 m3) with two different types of water current made by weak (daytime) and strong (nighttime) aeration (Tank 1) and weak aeration during day and nighttime (Tank 2), which was used to reduce the number of the larvae sinking to the tank bottom. The number of sinking larvae on the bottom of the tanks was counted by the quadrat method (0.01 m2) from 2 to 8 days after hatching (DAH) at 23:00. In the Tank 1, the average density of the sinking larvae (individual/0.01 m2, n=9) was low (<2.44 /0.01 m2) during the observation period. In the Tank 2, the average density of the sinking larvae was significantly higher than in the Tank 1 and peaked on 5 DAH (15.6/0.01 m2). Although the difference in the survival rates between two tanks was not clear, our result suggests that the vertical mixing of the rearing water by aeration decreased the number of sinking larvae.
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  • Effect of Taurine Supplement to Low Fish Meal Feed on Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata in Practical Net Cage
    Motohide Tochino, Taizo Nagano, Shuichi Satoh, Masaru Shiratori, Yutak ...
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 595-600
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.595
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    A practical scale feeding experiment was conducted with yellowtail to evaluate taurine supplement to low fish meal feed. Fish meal based EP diet was arranged as a control feed, and 30% and 20% fish meal diets were also formulated to obtain the same protein and calorie content by including soy proteins and corn gluten meal. Taurine was supplemented only to 20% fish meal diet at a level of 0.5%. Yellowtail (1.8 kg) were admitted in practical size net cages (10×10×3.5 m, 3,300 fish) and fed the experimental diets for three and four months. The fish accepted all diets and ate well, even 20% fish meal feed were eaten vigorously. After three month feeding, there was no significant difference in growth performance. On the other hand, the bilirubin content in blood was increased with elevation of substitution rate of fish meal, namely that of the fish fed the 20% fish meal diet was highest. However, green liver syndrome, which was induced in yellowtail by non or low fish meal feed, was not observed in any groups of this experiment. The result of the experiment demonstrated that supplementation with taurine might be very efficient for low fish meal feed in yellowtail.
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  • Diversity of Incidence Factors in Suminori Disease during Laver Cultivation
    Takayuki Mine, Shigemitsu Tanaka, Yoshio Kawamura, Genta Kobayashi, Ko ...
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 601-608
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.601
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    Pathogenicity was determined in four stocked bacterial strains, isolated from Suminori-diseased laver thalli of Porphyra spp. in 1985, 2002, 2003, and 2004 when the Suminori disease occurred in the Ariake Sea. Even though all isolates caused the same symptoms of Suminori disease on infected laver thalli of P. yezoensis, they belonged to completely different families. Among them, in 1985 an isolate was identified as being closely related to Arthrobacter tumbae, whereas the other three recent isolates were related to Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis. The quantitative detection of the pathogen also revealed that the isolate of G. saemankumensis, and not A. tumbae, was commonly found on normal cultivated laver thalli. Furthermore, it was observed that the sensitivity to bacterial infection corresponded to the deterioration in the physiological condition of the laver thalli. The results obtained in this study strongly suggest that a variety of factors influence the incidence of Suminori disease.
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  • Effects of Single and Combined Supplementation of Enterococcus faecalis, Mannan Oligosaccharide and Polyhydroxybutyrate Acid on Growth Performance and Immune Response of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
    Uriel Rodriguez - Estrada, Shuichi Satoh, Yutaka Haga, Hiroshi Fushim ...
    2009 Volume 57 Issue 4 Pages 609-617
    Published: December 20, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: September 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11233/aquaculturesci.57.609
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    This study investigated the single and combined effects of pre- and probiotics supplement on the growth performance and immune response of rainbow trout. Seven diets supplemented with 1% Enterococcus faecalis (E), 0.4% mannan oligosaccharides (M) and 1% polyhydroxybutyrate (P) in single (E, M and P diets), double (EM and EP diets) or triple combinations (EMP diet) were fed to juvenile rainbow trout (13.2±0.25 g) for 12 weeks. During the feeding test, the fish were healthy and no mortality occurred. Although weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the fish fed single supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides, its combined supplementation together with E. faecalis showed further improvement of growth as well as feed gain ratio (FGR). On the other hand, single administration of E. faecalis could not improve any growth performance parameter. In addition, E. faecalis improved the immunological parameters such as hematocrit value, phagocytic index and activity and mucus production when administrated alone or combined with mannan oligosaccharides. After fourteen days challenge test the lowest cumulative mortalities were recorded in the fish fed E, M, EM and EMP diets. A single supplementation with E and M and combination of them improved the growth performance and immune response of rainbow trout.
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