Seventy cases of congenital anomalies were found among one hundred and seventy-two autopsy cases of stillborn and newborn infants (seventy-four cases of stillborn from four to ten months pregnancy, thirty-seven cases of newborn and sixty-one cases of artificial abortions from four to seven months pregnancy). The frequency of malformation of newborn infants was 67.5%. Therefore, those malformations were one of the important causes of early neonatal deaths. The anencephaly, anomalies of bones (mainly of the finger and toe) and malformations accompanied by anomalies of internal organs were chiefly found. Thirty-six cases of the congenital malformations of internal organs without external anomalies were found. The anomalies of the heart and great vessels, respiratory and digestive organs were found in those cases. In anencephalic monster, reduced weight of adrenal glands and early involution of fetal cortex were detected. The pituitary gland showed markedly hypoplastic development. Judging from these pathological point of view, the early involution of the fetal cortex in anencephalus should. be ex-plained secondary change.

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This paper refers to characteristics of the experimental malformations produced by acetyl salicylate (aspirin) and phenylsalicylate (salol). Female primiparous rats (Wistar-Funahashi strain) weighing 130-200g were fed with Funahashi solid diet. Aspirin of doses of 660 mg, 330mg and 165mg/kg was orally administered to the pregnant rats on each day from the 7th to 12th, 9th to 11th, 9th to 14th and 12th to 14th day of gestation. Salol was administered on each day from the 7th to 9th and 7th to 12th day of gestation. For the dosage factor 400mg, 300mg 200mg and 100mg/kg we e used. The above chemicals was given as a suspension of 0.5% C.M.C. immediately before administrations. Parallel to the dosage or the stage of administration frequency of macerated embryos or fetuses and malformations of the fetuses were increased in number. All fetuses were malformed in the group which was treated with the dose of 660mg/kg on each day from the 9th to 11th and 9th to 14th day of gestation. Malformations manifested were as follows: exencephaly, encephalocele, encephalomyeloschisis, myeloschisis, micro-or anophthalmos, naked eye, cleft palate, harelip and upper cheilognathoschisis. Malformations of the viscera were hydronephrosis and hydrourether. There were rare cases of unilateral agensis and hypoplasia. Some fetuses showed only one malformation, however, many fetuses had more than two malformations as stated above. Such changes, especially malformations of the ribs, vertebrae, and of the upper extremities. Such malformations of the upper extremities were aplasia or hypoplasia of the ulna or radius and in some cases such malformations with the upper extremities were associated with oligodactylism.

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Virgin female mice of the CF#1 strain were given a single intravenous injection of 50 mg of alloxan per kilogram of body weight. On the third day after the injection when blood sugar levels rose sufficiently, they were placed with mature males from the same colony. The diabetic pregnant mice were laparotomized on the 19th day of pregnancy and effects of maternal alloxan-diabetes were observed upon the young. Thirty seven out of 100 diabetic pregnancies were delivered of more than one anomalous baby and external or skeletal malformations appeared in 67 viable fetuses (7.8 percent) among 858 born to diabetic mothers. Agnathia was most frequent, followed by cranioschisis, craniorhachischisis and cleft palate in order. On the other hand, only two defected fetuses, one with cranioschisis and cleft palate in order. the other agnathia, were found among 974 viable fetuses in the control. Blood sugar values on the first and tenth gestational days of pregnant mothers with malformed fetuses were both significantly higher than those of mothers without malformed fetuses. Defected babies were much more frequent in mothers whose blood sugar valuess showed a tendency to elevate during pregnancy. Anomalous babies were even born to the group of mice in which blood sugar levels were less responded to alloxan and remained below the level of 200 mg/dl. Average body weight of living fetuses born to diabetic mothers was 1.100g, which is lower than 1.180g of the control. A significant decrease of the fetal body weight was observed in the young from mothers with defected fetuses as compared with that from mothers without defected fetuses. Fetal mortaity rate In the alloxan group was 8.04 percent which was about three-fold over the control. Maternal body weight gained during pregnancy was 17.33g in the diabetic and 19.87g in the control mice respectively.

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Cardiopagus is found usualy in Duplicitas symmetros. There are three types of cardiopagus : Type I (divided heart) : Type II (double heart) : Type III (single heart). Case I (Type I) : Weight 1450gm. Cephalothoracopagus cyclops. Female. Bicuspid aortic valve, patent foramen ovale and double aorta with a hypoplastic left descending aorta were found on the side of cyclops. Hypoplasia of the aortic tract complex with mitral and aortic atresia, blind left ventricle, the abnormal drainage of systemic and pulmonary veins, atrial septal defect and persistent left superior vena cava were found on another side. Case II (Type II) : Weight 4100gm. Thoracopagus. Female. Partial transposition of the aorta with hypoplasia of the pulmonary trunk and its valvular atresia, single coronary artery, the totally anomal-ous drainage of pulmonary veins (entry of the pulmonary veins into the superior vena cava), single atrium and single atrioventricular canal were found in the right-sided heart. Complete transposition of the aorta with hypoplasia of the pulmonary trunk, single atrium and atrioventricular canal, the totally anomalous drainage of pulmonary veins (entry of the pulmonary veins into the left-sided atrium) and abnormal distribution of the coronary artery were found in the left-sided heart. Case III (Type III) : 10 month fetus. Thoracopagus. Female. Supeior vena cava and left pulmonary veins of the left fetus, superior vena cava which was connected with part of left pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava of the right fetus were drained into the right side of the posterior atrium. Right pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava of the left fetus and coronary sinus from both hearts were drained into the left side of the atrium. This atrium communicated with the right ventricle, which was situated on the right side of the heart. Anterior atrium was situated anteriorly to the posterior atrium. It received the left pulmonary veins and part of the right pulmonary veins of the right pulmonary veins of right fetus. This atrium communicated with left ventricle. Hypoplastic aorta of the right fetus emerged from the right side of this ventricle, while dilated aorta of the left fetus from the left side. Pulmonary trunk of the left fetus was hypoplastic and completely closed. The above mentioned cases were brought into comparison with those cases reported in the literature. The type of cardiopagus in all cases of cephalothoracopagus cyclops and synotus was Type I. Type I,II and III were found cephalothoracopogus aprosopus. There was found the inverse correlation be tween the development of aorta and pulmonary trunk in the case of cephalothorocopagus. Most cases of thoracopagus showed the type II or type III and were combined with malformation of the heart and great vessels.

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The authors of the present papere experienced a very rare case of eventration seen in twin babies. Mother was 25year old . Para I O I I. Twin pregnancy was found during the eventh month of pregnancy. Twin babies were delivered in the 37th week of pregnancy, and hydroamnions were associated. The first baby weighed 1,830g, and the second weighed 1,725g. Abdominal organs were prolapsed in both babies, and they were monoamnio-monochorionic females. Various kinds of malformations were detected, but the major malformation was that of the intestinal tract. It was separated from the end of the ileum of the first baby making a Y shape and communicated to the end of the small intestine of the second baby. The second baby did not have the sigmoid colon and rectum. Both babies had anal atresia and also anomalies in the urogenital system.

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