Introduction: Handwriting is a foundational yet complex skill that significantly impacts academic performance in children. Occupational therapists play a critical role in addressing handwriting difficulties through individualized interventions that account for both child-specific factors and broader environmental influences. In Indonesia, limited research has explored handwriting interventions, highlighting the need for culturally relevant, occupation-based practice models. This study seeks to fill the gap in understanding how occupational therapists in Indonesia adapt handwriting interventions to local cultural contexts.
Methods: This qualitative study employed a constructivist grounded theory approach to investigate the experiences and perspectives of occupational therapists delivering handwriting interventions in Indonesia. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling, ensuring a diverse representation of practice settings. Three focus groups were conducted with 16 occupational therapists, each with at least 5 years of clinical experience. Data analysis followed initial, focused, and theoretical coding, supported by memo writing and diagramming.
Findings: Two core themes were identified: (1) child-centered adaptive intervention processes, which involved foundational assessments, flexible implementation strategies, and approaches to sustain child engagement; and (2) navigating systemic challenges through collaborative efforts, emphasizing teamwork, institutional constraints, and context-driven adaptations. These findings underscore the importance of context-driven, adaptive intervention strategies in promoting effective handwriting interventions.
Conclusion: Effective handwriting interventions in Indonesia require culturally responsive,occupation-based practice models that integrate individualized strategies with systemic collaboration. Occupational therapists are encouraged to advocate for policy reform and interdisciplinary networks to optimize intervention outcomes.
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