Rabbits were injected tetraethyllead (Et4Pb) i.v. only once; total lead and triethyllead (Et3Pb) levels in organs were determined 24 hours, and 30, 60, and 90 days later; and the lead clearance rates in the organs were compared with each other. Total lead and Et3Pb outputs in the feces and urine of these rabbits were sequentially determined after the injection. Other rabbits were injected Et3Pb i.v. only once, and Et3Pb and total lead clearances from organs were determined 24 hours and 20 days after the injection. In order to compare the clearances of Et4Pb and inorganic lead from organs, rabbits were injected lead acetate i.v. only once; lead acetate levels in various organs were determined 24 hours and 30 days after the injection; and the in vivo distribution patterns of this compound were compared with the distribution patterns of lead in the aforemetioned animals injected Et4Pb. Furthermore, lead outputs in the feces and urine of these animals were sequentially determined after the injection, to observe the differences in the output patterns between these animals and the aforementioned rabbits injected Et4Pb. 1) The rabbits 24 hours after the i.v. injection of 12 mg/kg of Et4Pb (7.7 mg/kg as lead) gave such a pattern of total lead distribution into various organs that total lead was distributed into the liver>kidney»brain>skeletal muscle>cardiac muscle>spinal cord in the decreasing sequence of level. The total lead levels in the organs showed such a pattern that the level in the liver was 43 times higher, the level in the kidney was 19 times higher, the level in the brain was 4.5 times higher, the level in the skeletal muscle was 4 times higher, the level in the cardiac muscle was 4 times higher, and the level in the spinal cord was 3 times higher than the blood total lead level. The Et3Pb levels in various organs were of such a pattern that the compound was distributed into the liver>kidney»brain>skeletal muscle>cardiac muscle>spinal cord in the decreasing sequence of level; and the Et3Pb levels in the organs showed that the level in the liver was 100 times as high, the level in the kidney was 40 times as high, the level in the brain was 10 times as high, the level in the skeletal muscle was 9 times as high, the level in the cardiac muscle was 8 times as high, and the level in the spinal cord was 5.5 times as high as that in the blood. The Et3Pb/ total lead level ratio was 86% in the liver, 77% in the kidney, 85% in the brain, 79% in the skeletal muscle, 78% in the cardiac muscle, and 37% in the blood. The total lead levels in various organs of rabbits 30 days after the i.v. injection of Et4Pb showed such a pattern that the level in the liver was 1/20; the level in the kidney, 1/50; the level in the brain, 1/40, the level in the skeletal muscle, 1/40; the level in the cardiac muscle, 1/130, and the level in the blood, 1/8, compared with the levels 24 hours after the injection. The Et3Pb/total lead level ratio 30 days after the injection of Et4Pb was 96% in the liver, 6l% in the kidney, 38% in the brain, and 2% in the blood. Sixty days after the injection of Et4Pb, Et3Pb was demonstrated in the liver, kidney and blood, but 90 days after the injection, it was demonstrated in minute amounts only in the liver and kidney. 2) In the rabbits 24 hours after the i.v. jnjection of 6 mg/kg of Et3Pb, total lead was distributed into the liver>kidney»brain>skeletal muscle>spinal cord>cardiac muscle>blood in the decreasing sequence of level. This group showed such Et3Pb/total lead ratios as 100% in the brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle, 80-90% in the liver and kidney, and 28% in the blood, Twenty days after the injection of Et3Pb, the total lead levels in the organs were decreased in a similar pattern to those in the aforementioned rabbits injected Et4Pb, with the Et3Pb/total lead level ratio being 7l% in the brain, 89% in the liver and 2% in the blood. 3) The rabbits

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An epidemiological survey focused on farmers engaged in vinyl-house culture of strawberry was carried out among the inhabitants of a farming village. For avoiding residential and habitual factors, all residents (851 in number) over 12 years of age in the area were inquired about symptoms, personal and family histories. There were no marked difference in age and sex among three groups, i.e. farmers with and without vinyl-house culture and people with no relation to farming in this area. Incidence of one of the iuquired symptoms were 54% and 45% in farmers with and without strawberry culture in vinyl-house respectively, and 34% in the non-farming people. This difference became more larger up to 83% in the strawberry farmers of allergic constitution. Symptoms found more in the farmers than the other were headache, dizziness, conjunctivitis, rhinorrea, sneeze, palpitation and neuralgia, and the last four symptoms were more marked among farmers in charge of strawberry culture. Incidence of the allergic symptom consisting of conjunctivitis, rhinorrea and sneeze was more marked among the persons of allergic constitution. In conclusion, health effects of strawberry culture in vinyl-house in farmers can be look upon from three aspects; overwork, a particular stance during the work and allergic responses to the dust in the vinyl-house.

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Clinical mass surveys were carried out on the residents to whom questionnaires on symptoms with reference to strawberry culture in the vinyl-house had been delivered. Two hundred and eleven persons attended at the first survey in September, 1976 (off the season of strawberry culture) and the 58 attended at the second survey in March, 1977 (within the season). The participants of the first survey consisted of three groups, i.e. farmers with and without strawberry culture and people without farming. The participants of the second survey consisted only of farmers with strawberry culture. Results are summarized as follows. 1) There were no difference of incidence of various clinical findings detected by an ophthalmologist and otolaryngologists among the three groups. 2) There were also no difference of incidence of abnormal findings in urine tests, liver functions, respiratory test, blood examinations and blood pressure test among the three groups. However, the comparison of persons in charge of strawberry culture and attended at both of the first and the second surveys, such changes were detected as increases in the value of GOT (within normal limits), of stab neutrophiles, lymphocytes and of monocytes within the season of strawberry culture. 3) Increases of positive rates in skintest by extracts of house dust and Candida sp. were observed in the farmers with and without strawberry culture. Positive rates of skintest by strawberry pollen and honey bee extracts among the farmers with strawberry culture were markedly higher than the allergic patients in Dokkyo Hospital having no relation to this culture. This positive rate was markedly elevated among the persons who complained the symptom of rhinorrea within the season. 4) In conclusion, there was no serious health effect by strawberry culture upon the farmers as far as routine clinical examinations show, except overwork, symptoms from unusual stance during the work in the house. However, it is clear that persons with allergic constitution shall be sensitized by strawberry pollen and honey bee extracts which develop nasal symptoms due to antigen-antibody reaction.

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The relation between work postures and muscle load, the differences of muscle load in holding two different shaped objects, a human model and a box each weighting 20 kg, and the effects of wearing a belt and a corset to reduce the low back muscle load were studied in the experimental nursing work on physically and/or mentally handicapped patients. Four female healthy college students exercised a static and a dynamic nursing work designed for the experiment. E.M.G., heart rate, subjective symptoms and maximum sustaining time were measured during the work. Results are as follows: 1) The low back muscle load increased only in sustaining the forward bending posture. 2) The forward bending posture with a load weighing 20 kg caused shortening of the time to sustain the same posture. 3) The muscle load by holding the human model was larger compared to that by holding the box, and the muscle load was different according to the shape of the holding objects. 4) Wearing a belt and a corset was effective to reduce the low back muscle load by raising the abdominal pressure.

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It is well known that the greater part of the administered cadmium is accumulated in liver and kidneys. But, in considering the toxicity of cadmium, it is important to make clear the time pattern of cadmium accumulation not only in liver and kidneys but in the other organs. Male mice were injected subcutaneously 1 mg/kg of cadmium daily for 25 weeks except one day in every week. Five mice at a time were killed in the suitable time during this experiment, and Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations in several organs were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cadmium content in liver and kidneys increased remarkably during the first 30 days, and it is scarcely increased after that period. Cadmium content in other organs, that is, heart, lungs, spleen, testes and femurs, increased slowly during the first 20 days, and this content increased remarkably at 20th and 30th of the experimental day, and Cd content in these organs increased hardly after that. The results show further that: Cd administered at the early stage accumulated mainly in liver an in kidneys. As Cd concentration in liver and kidneys arrives at saturation, Cd content in other organs increased remarkably. And, after 30th day, Cd content in all the organs increased, little in spite of the continuous injection of Cd. Concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn in the organs of mice injected with Cd were as follows: Cu concentration increased significantly in heart, liver, and kidneys, Zn concentration increased in heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys, whereas Mn concentration decreased remarkably in kidneys. Cadmium content in the organs of mice injected with Zn (0.5 mg/kg) or Mn (0.5 mg/kg) together with Cd (1 mg/kg) showed a tendency to increase remarkably compared with single injection of Cd.

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