Indonesia is an Islam nation.There is an item "we should praise the glory of God"in the Indonesian school curriculum.Education attaches great importance to instil science knowledge.In Singapore, a presentation education in which a pupil announces the learning content takes place from elementary school level, i.e.the education practiced there forces pupiles to think.

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One of the new movements in science education research, which has recently been developing worldwide, is 'culture studies in science education.'In this research movement, not only 'science education'but also 'science'itself are regarded as kinds of 'cultural enterprise, 'and are critically examined in order to uncover tacitly presupposed values in science teaching/learning practices and research in science education, to question the values and their significance to the people living in our contemporary society, and to construct a more suitable view of science education and more appropriate science teaching/learning theories.The present paper describes the origin and developmental processes, socio-cultural backgrounds, rationales, and research themes of the research movement of 'culture studies in science education', and teaching/learning theories based upon it.Also discussed are their implications for Japanese science education research as well as science teaching.

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We examined the values taught in environmental education of the United States.We believe that two types of values are found in environmental education.One deals with relationships between people, while the other deals with relationships between people and nature.The former is classified into three types, that is a.environmental equity between the current generation and future generations b.environmental equity within the current generation c.equality between cultures The latter is classified into three types, that is a.global and sustainable management of natural resources(the anthropocentric view)b.environmental sensitivity c.The role of humans as equal members of the biotic community(the encocentric view) At present, the anthropocentric view is the dominant perspective in environmental education.

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This study investigated how children represent the concept of height as an attribute of a plane diagram.The experiment used a commonplace tree and a diagram of a triangle.The subjects were 315 elementary school students, consisting of students from 1st to 4th grade who had not yet learned about the height of a triangle in their mathematics class, and students in the 5th and 6th grades who had already learned about the height of a triangle.The subjects were asked how they determined height.The results showed that (1) The students had distinctive preconceptions about height which could be classified as "perpendicular type, ""inside type", and "longest type, "and "high position type."(2) A nonintrinsic, relative representation of the concepts of length and height, which could be classified as "mixed height and length type"and "height and length contrasting type, "are factors in determining preconceptions of height.Based on these results, strategies for teaching about the height of a triangle were suggested to utilize the results of this study.

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The object of this study is the development and/or application of teaching materials to support integrated study from the standpoint of natural science.A trial gas-buret was used for volumetric analysis of carbon dioxide formed as a reaction product of sodium carbonate and a large excess of hydrochloric acid.From the results of this teaching material, the following three evidences were confirmed;(1)The volume of carbon dioxide is strictly proportional to the weight of sodium carbonate, and a calibration curve on each compound is easily obtained.(2)Molecular weight of sodium carbonate(105.0)obtained from a slope of a calibration curve is in fair agreement with that of the calculated value(105.99).(3)In six kinds of weak alescent synthetic detergents and four kinds of soaps, the content of sodium carbonate were determined.In detergents, the content of sodium carbonate were shown to be in the range of 8.16-39.3 Wt%, while in soaps it was in the range of 2.15-33.3 Wt%.That is to say, the ratio of surfactants/carbonate in these samples were not constant.It may be concluded that a trial gas-buret could be used, as teaching material, not only for acquiring of basic knowlege but also for creating and improving applications in daily life.

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the integration/nonintegration of cencept maps and learners' comprehension.Learner's comprehension was measured by the number of links on the learner's concept map and the "hamming distance"from the learner's map to a master map.For the purpose of this research, concept maps were categorized into integrative maps or the non-integrative maps.The maps were further subcategorized into the following four categories besed on the changes/non-changes in integration:(a)an integrative group which maintained integrated maps throughout the learning process, (b)a group which changed from non-integrative maps to integrative maps, (c)a group which changed from integrative maps to non-integrative maps, and (d)a non-integrative group.The results showed the following;(1)changes in integration of the concept map were observed through an increased number of links among the keywords discovered by the learner in class, and (2)changes in integration of the concept map were observed through achievement in class.Concept mapping is therefore a useful tool to assess learner's conceptual changes in class by usingt the parameter of integration and non-integration of concept map.

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In this research, a science lesson of an elementary school teacher was observed continually.The observation period was three months.The class was forth grade.The formation of the class was one year ago.The teacher took charge of the class in April.The following became obvious as a result of the observation.Study groups were formed in June.Study groups were different from play groups.The nearness of seating was not the cause of the formation of the study groups.Guidance intentions of the teacher were not the cause of the formation of the study groups, either.The teacher was accepting the decision of the children maximally, i.e.the teacher's administration was the cause of the formation of the study groups.

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The purpose of this study was to examine an effective teaching method for two strategies, the "Finding a Pattern"strategy and "Consider Simpler Cases"strategy.Subjects were 138 elementary school fifth graders.The teaching contens and the number of lessons differed between the five classes.The main difference in the teaching plan was whether solving an appication problem was included or not.The performances of pretests and posttests of pattern finding problems was compared.The results revealed that it is necessary to teach the application of both strategies to solve generalizing problems.This result suggests that it is important for students to learn when to use these strategies through solving application problems.

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