This paper is a part of my study on “Rendering of Place-names in Manchu-Korean Border Region”, and aims to clarify spatial concept of this region in terms of area, historical background and characteristics, etc., The Manchu-Korean Border Region used herein is, roughly speaking, meant to designate the area extending over the northern Korea and the south-eastern Manchuria, where the Nüchên or Manchu language spoken exclusively has been substituted by the Chinese and Korean languages, and some traces of the Nüchên language have been left and survived in some of the present place-names rendered in the Korean and Chinese languages, or daily words of the present inhabitants there.
I lay down six boundary lines marking off the region. They are as follows: -
(1) the earlier southern boundary line linking Uiju near the mouth of the Yalu, Unsan and Maengsan in the central divide mountains, with Chigyong on the coast of the Tongjosan Man, which, almost coinciding with the northern boundary line of Lo-lang province, one of the Four Provinces in Korea established by the Han dynasty, was the Kaoli Chaohsien's Great Frontier Wall line constructed against her northern neighbour-bounding tribes of Nüchên, and separting Korea from her neighbouring tribal states.
(2) the newer southern boundary line linking Paektu San with the Yalu Kiang and Tumen Kiang, which was regulated, on the treaty of Ch'ing or Manchu dynasty with Lee Chaohsien in the year of 1627 A. D., as a criterion line which any Chinese or Korean was prohibited to cross, i.e., the southern limit line of the no-man's land established between the two states under the Ch'ing's hard pressure on Lee Chaohsien to make the latter set a neutral space of unoccupied and desolated land; in some places on the line such as Hoeryog and Kyongwon in the Tumen valley, and Chungkiantai near Uiju in the Yalu valley, border fairs for trade were established and authorized by the governments of the two states.
(3) the outer northern boundary line running along the divide of Lao Yeh Ling and the the river of Huafa Ho, which had actually been a northernmost line, in the period of Ch'ing China-Lee Chaohsien, reached by Korean smugglers seeking for carrots, timber, gold, or land for cultivation, etc.; the north-eastern part of which, the line of Lao Yeh Ling, is identified with the northern boundary line of Kientao province in the period of Manchoukuo.
(4) the inner northern boundary line running from the mouth of the Tumen Kiang, going up the river via Hunchun to Tumen, from there along the Hailan Ho, the divide of the Changpai Shan, the Hun Kiang to the midway between Fenghwang-pienmen on the Ch'ing's Liaotung Frontier Palisade, and Uiju on the lower Yalu valley, which I decide to be regarded almost identical with the northern limit line of the no-man's land mentiond above, which was obscure in the official documents of the two states' governments, based on the boundaries betweeen China and Korea shown on the map made by Du Hald according to the memorandum of Regis who was a French and surveyed this border region in 1709, and on the map made in 1890 by Hun Tiao, who was a Chinese, according to the Russian maps of Russo-Chinese border region.
(5) the western boundary line to be identified with the south-eastern part, from Yingo-men to Fenghwang-pienmen, of the Ch'ing's Liaotung Frontier Palisade, the north-eastern land beyond which was regulated by the Manchus as the no-man's land into which any Chinese or Korean was prohibited to enter in order to protect their native land from neighbour-bounding people's invation in the early period of the dynasty, although the regulation was practically obliterated in the latter period of the dynasty.
(6) the eastern boundary line of the present border line between China and U.S.S.R., which I lay down for convenience'sake.
The Manchu-Korean Border Region, in its essene, is to be originally defined as the

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