The purpose of this study is limited to discuss the terminologies of the landforms (following the examples of plateaus, highlands, uplands, plains and basins), for the compulsory education in Japan, from a viewpoint on both domestic and foreign terminologies in relation to demonstrate tentative ones, proposed by the writer, of the landforms.
According to his opinion, the schoolchildren in a primary school and the pupils in a junior high school, in Japan, have to learn of the proper geographical terms which will be able to receive an international understanding, since there is no doubt that most of them will be working for an international viewpoint in the 21st century. This is why the present study carry out.
In order to make sure of the actual usage for the above mentioned five types of the landforms, an atlas for social study in the primary school course and that for the study in the junior high school one have respectively been examined. The usage of the landforms in the atlases have been discussed in view of the terminological descriptions of the domestic and foreign geomorphologists.
The main subjects of this study are summerized as follows;
1). The plateau (Kohgen in Japnese; e.g. Kibi Plateau, Mino-Mikawa Plateau and so on) is not an adequate expression but the mountain is a desirable one, judging from the facts the plateaus, in Japan, represent the feature of inclined and dissected erosion surfaces which gradually desend to neighbouring lower lands. These features differ entirely from those in the foreign countries.
2). The highland (Kohchi in Japanese; e.g. Abukuma Highlands, Kitakami Highlands and so on) is not a proper expression but mountain is desirable one also, judging from the facts these highlands are not always situated on the most highest regions in Japan. In other regions, Japan, there are some of the mountains being similar to so-called plateaus. And the plateaus, moreover, stand by the lower altitude than those in the foreign countries.
3). Speaking of the upland (Daichi in Japanese), it is more reasonable to give a place name or a technical term (e.g. “Nasunogahara”, “Makinohara Dissected Fan” and so on) for those. As the synonym of the upland, the Diluvial upland has customarily been used in Japan, but it differs entirely from the remarkable features (the altitudes, relieves and geologic structures) of the uplands in the foreign countries.
4). In general, the plain (Heiya in Japanese) has reasonably been used. However, in the case of the plain where includes the uplands in its extent, the usage is unusual compared with that in the foreign countries. In this case we may use a technical term instead of the plain. For example, we may use “Kantoh Basin” in place of “Kantoh Plain”. If we use the name of “Kantoh Plain”, we have to name “Musashino or Nasunogahara” (the place name) instead of “Musashino Upland or Nasunogahara Upland”.
5). Speaking of the usage of the basin, there is no unreasonable one.

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The city of Higashikurume, which located in the western suburb of Tokyo Metropolitan area, has been urbanized amazingly since 1960, because of the outward expansion of the urban area from warded areas in the Inner Tokyo. As the result, most of the farm lands and farmhouses are scattered among the urban areas. However, the rate of cultivated land and of the farmers whose income is mainly from farming are both above the average of those in the Northern Tama District. Uuder these circumstances, its total agricultural income (mainly by growing vegetables in the open air) is in the 3rd place among the 18 cities in that district.
In this paper the auther explains through his field works the reason why the open-air cultivation of vegetables are still kept in Higashikurume-city.
The summaries of this research are as follows:
1. Nowadays, in Higashikurume the following three main types of farmers are engaged in growing vegetables in the open air, full-time farmers who mainly grow vegetables, farmers who grow them while they are engaged in real estate as their side job and farmers only for maintaing their farms as property. However, the leading part of the vegetable-growing farmers in Higashikurume area the first two types of them. The farm lands owned by these two types of the farms maintain their cultivation, authorized as agricultual uses and free of the same amount of tax to residential land. The farmers whose income from agricultural products is no more than 50% of their total incomes own their small cultivated lands as only for property and grow vegetables mainly for themselves.
2. The full-time farmers who mainly grow vegetables own fairly large farm lands of around 200a. Because of being located in the high land price area, they plan with the combination of several kinds of vegetables all around the year, mainly those like spinach they can be sure of earning high income. With their great skill of farming, they earn high income by producing and forwarding spinach to the market during summer. Because normally it is so difficult to grow it during summer that the amount of its forwarding from other places are extremely small. Farming is, actually, done only by their family because of high wadges, and they also produce vegetables with the combination of several kinds of them to make it possible to work all around the year. And at the same time, they maintain their cultivation by planning crop rotation system in order to prevent the troubles derived from planting the same crop repeatedly and under these conditions of high land price and high wadges.

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The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the tendency of studies on children's environmental perception, cognition, and image proceeded from the interdesciplinary view point of psycology and humanistic geography in English speaking countries, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Most of the authors are engaged in geographical education at the primary school, and they are not always contended with the curriculum as well as teaching matearials of the geographical education in Japan.
The outlines of processes and results of this study are as follows.
1. About 60 papers were refered from various fields of recent magazines, for example, geography, geographical education, environmetal-, educational-, developmetal-psycology, urban planning, and so on. Then 36 papers were selected and listed at the end of this paper.
2. The authors translated selected passages into Japanese from 5 papers among them and already published them in this magazine. Moreover, a comparative table of 10 papers is made, which consists of author's name, published years, research regions, subjects, ways of measure, extent area, perspectives, concepts, and main results.
3. The authors examined case studies concerning to children. At first, all case studies were divided into two groups, one is about children's cognitive maps or mental maps, and others. The former typical examples are Matthews' papers which insist development of children's cognitive maps mainly due to age. Among the latter there are papers making clear children's abilities of decipher aerial photographs. However, most studies tend to attach importance to children's ages as main factor of mental development. In particular, it is interesting and suggestive that Hazen et al. considers very young children (3-5 years old), and Hart studies on differences in children's field experience as factors of mental development. Those suggest geographers and teachers necessity of exploitation of curricullums or matearials for geographical education.
4. Through the process of surveying reference papers, the authors repeatedly discussed the relationships between the basic case studies about children and the practical side of the geographical education. They have agreed that accumulating of better teaching at the clasroom as well as researches leads to the development of more reasonable curriculum of geographical education.

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