本研究は， 1963～1988年におけるわが国農家の完結した伸縮的需要体系を15中分類費目（食料は8費目）の年次データにもとづいて推定するものである．農家の消費する多数財の相互関係については殆ど知られていない．農家の消費行動の分析結果を農家以外の全世帯の場合と比較を行う．
　データは，農林水産省統計情報部発行の『農家生計費統計』，『農村物価賃金統計』の支出および価格指数に関するものである．農家に関する時系列データは，費目分類が変化しているため，より詳細な公表データを用いて適切に再分類し，統一する必要がある．モデルは，Deaton-Muellbauerの線型近似された差分形のAlmost Ideal需要体系である．この体系の長所は，伸縮的な関数型をもち，消費主体の集計が可能であり，各財の限界消費性向が可変的なことである．同次性と対称性の制約条件を組み入れて，モデルのパラメータをゼルナー推定法により収束させる．これら二つの制約条件は，推定の後に実証データでテストされて経験的に許容されること，さらに均衡の2階の条件が満たされることが示される．
　農家と非農家の消費パターンは，都市化の過程で非常に類似するようになったといわれているが，なおかなりの違いが見られる．農家の穀類，交通通信，雑費の各支出割合は，非農家に比べてきわだって大きく，非農家の畜産物，外食，教養娯楽教育の支出比率は逆にかなり大である．これらの相違は，主として両者の嗜好あるいは生活スタイルの違いによるものであろう．適合度は比較的高く，各種の弾力性，トレンド効果，代替関係について妥当な結果が得られた．交通通信と雑費は，所得，自己価格に関して弾力的であり，畜産物，外食は所得弾力的である．嗜好変化はやや保守的である．

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　Recently in the field of agricultural finance, new analytical tools have been developed. One of these newly developed tools for analysis is the concept of transaction costs (TCs). The concept denotes costs for collecting information and managing risks, and is now recognized as quite important in the economic evaluation of the efficiency of financial intermediation. However, the concept involves theoretical and empirical clarification. This paper aims to examine the problems of the application of the concept of TCs to the empirical analysis of agricultural finance.
　First, the problem of the conventional definition of TCs is examined. The contents of TCs for sellers and buyers, the relationship between prices and TCs, and so on, are probed. Secondly, after classifying TCs in the total financial process, distinctive features and related problems of TCs are pointed out. Economies of scale, transferability, and how to measure the amount of transaction are discussed. Third, the economic behavior of financial institutions is analyzed by using TCs exclusively in the microeconomic model. Economic efficiency of transactions can be evaluated by average TCs, i.e., TCs/values of transaction. However, the level of TCs is affected by the number and the size of transactions. If the size is significantly different between two financial institutions, then it is irrelevant to compare their performances of transaction only by the average TCs. In addition, in finance, the length of the repayment period of loans can be another factor affecting TCs. Thus, details or conditions of transactions should be checked before comparing the average TCs. Finally, as an illustration of the application of TCs, lending costs of the government financial corporation and agricultural cooperatives are examined.
　In conclusion, it is emphasized that TCs can be powerful tools for analysis in agricultural finance, but need to use TCs judiciously. This concept is useful and applicable to many aspects of agricultural economy, say, the analysis of distribution systems.

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