Climate change is likely to have a remarkable impact on the water cycle of crop growth, crop water requirement (CWR), and consequently crop irrigation water requirement (CIWR). In this study, the CIWR of spring and winter wheat from 2001 to 2030 in the Yellow River basin (YRB) was assessed by crop irrigation water model under the climate change scenarios SRES A2 and B2 of general circulation model (GCM) HADCM3. The climate variables obtained from 265 climate stations from 1961 to 1990 in the YRB domain were used to create climate grids in 0 .1-degree to provide high-resolution spatial information . The climate variables of HADCM3 output in 2.5-degree latitude and 3.75-degree longitude were downscaled to 0 .1-degree grids by a simple statistical method. The method can integrate the local climate heterogeneity of the YRB with the past climate records from the 265 climate stations, and future climate changes from the output of GCM HADCM3. Following the crop irrigation model of FAO, the monthly and yearly reference evapotranspiration, CWR and CIWR from 2001 to 2030 in the YRB were assessed . Based on the downscaled climate scenarios, there would be temperature increase and precipitation decrease in the YRB in the coming three decades. Accordingly, the CWR, and CIWR of both spring and winter wheat would increase. The climate change under climate scenario A2 is likely to have a larger impact on CWR and CIWR than scenario B2.

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Squids are important marine products for the food supply in Japan. We performed the inventory analysis of fisheries related to the production of squids. As a result, the cumulative CO₂ emission per million yen for squid jigging fishery, large-scale set net fishery and off shoretrawl fishery were 14.4, 0.5, and 9.3 t-CO₂/million yen, respectively. The pay-back time analysisindicated that it takes 1.3 years for large-scale set net fishery to overcome squid jigging fishery in the cumulative CO₂ emission. It further suggested that there was a difference of 4, 150 t-CO₂/million yen in 20 years. In squid jigging fishery, immediate fuel consumption accounts for 99 percent of the cumulative CO₂ emission, and fishing light use accounts for approximately 70 % of the fuel consumption. Therefore, it was suggested that the quantitative reduction in the amount of CO₂emission will be possible by controlling excessive illuminating power. Moreover, we examined the data collection method, the determination of functional unit, and the allocation method to apply LCA for fisheries. Thus, those influences on the result were compared.

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We argued a new adaptation methodology with optimal economic growth via internalizing environmental external costs according to varieties of environmental impacts by merging bottomup LCIA with IAM. An endpoint type LCIA methodology based on Japanese environmental conditions, LIME (Lifecycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling), provided evaluated marginal willingness-to-pay (MWTP) to protect environmental impacts of present-day in Japan by use of a conjoint analysis. We interpreted the LIME MWTP expressed environmental externalities, and reassessed MWTP parameters of the future and other world regions. The environmental external costs of global warming, acidification, land-use & land-use change (LU&LUC) are coupled with an integrated assessment framework of economic utility maximization model GRAPE (Global Relationship Assessment to Protect Environment). Simulation results indicated that approximately a half of external cost is from greenhouse gas emissions and the rest from LU&LUC. This fact implies that LU&LUC is of important comparable to global warming; and that internalizing external cost leads to forestry conservation and the departure from fossil fuel. his study is the world first trial of integrated assessment by merging LCIA of bottom-up approach with IAM.

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To clean up soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd), the removal of Cd by using plants was tested in a pot experiment. The soils used in the experiment were alluvial soil and volcanic ash soil collected from fields contaminated with Cd. The Cd content extracted by 0.1M HCl was 0.70 and 10.9 mg kg^-1 in alluvial soil and volcanic ash soil respectively. Powdered sulfur was added to the soils to decrease the soil pH. Brassica juncea, Brassica rapa, Helianthus annuus, and Carthamus tinctorius were cultivated in each of the soils for 6 weeks. Helianthus annuus (sunflower) absorbed more Cd than the other species, and in alluvial soil, the amount absorbed was equivalent to 22% of Cd extractable by 0.1M HCl. These results suggest that the removal of Cd by plants from soils contaminated with Cd of low level is possible.

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In relation to the issues of global warming and “heat island phenomena”, it is important to assess individual exposures to during hot period for health risk assessment in regions concerned. Although the authors have been studying directly individual exposure to temperature with using portable instruments, its results will be reported separately. Apart from temperature measurements, individual self regulation of indoor temperatures with AC are also important, since most of the advanced regions, residence has now been equipped with AC in most cases for controlling exposed temperature level. So far air conditioner (AC) use has been investigated especially in relation to the mitigation in terms of energy consumption and reduction of green house (GH) gas emission. Thus, this study was planned to see self regulation of temperature exposure and heat-related symptoms by different climate regions so that a questionnaire study has been conducted. Among 16, 100 people who were selected and requested to answer to our questionnaire by mail, eligible responses were collected for 2090 (recovery rate=l3 %) When the subjects were categorized into “Hokkaido” (cold area), “Honshu/Kita-Kyushu” (intermediate area) and “Okinawa” (subtropical area). AC for cooling was used in 40% in Hokkaido but in 90% + in other areas. Among AC users, people who use AC “whenever they feel hot” were 238 (“whenever group”), while those who use cooler “only when they feel intolerable” (“intolerable group”) were 1156. Temperature when 60% of “whenever group” was switching on AC at 25-30°C, whereas 40 % of “intolerable group” was doing so at 30-35?C. This means all AC users are using AC at 35+°C, suggesting 35°C in terms of outdoor temperature is a “behavioral threshold” for AC use among Japanese. Among several heat stress-related complaints, most prevalent was “can't sleep well” (57 %) and then “fatigue or change in physical conditions” (28 %) with being highest in Okinawa. History of heat illnesses (heat stroke, “Necchu-Sho” ), however, was least prevalent in Okinawa among the regions. In contrast in Hokkaido they were more frequent with including more people who reported recurrent events. Thus, it is likely that Hokkaido would be the most vulnerable to heat-related health stress especially among people who have not been using AC use and also those with high individual susceptibility with heat illnesses, whereas complaints about heat-related sleep disturbances are less prevalent in Hokkaido compared to other warmer regions. Finally, it should be noted that the present results might be biased through low rate of responses or due to questionnaire study. For your better understanding, please refer the other data on individual temperature exposure in 3 cities in Japan published separately.

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