Vertical profiles of heavy metal concentration were studied using two sediment core samples collected from the Ainoya Pond, to investigate the pollution history of the Ashio copper mine. In the first core, increases in Mn, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb and Bi were observed in the layers of 12-14 cm-depth and ＜2 cm-depth. In the second core, layers of 4-10 cm-depth and 15-19 cm-depth showed higher concentrations. The vertical changes corresponded to the chronological record of Cu production in Ashio. Pollution became apparent when modernized production began in the 1880s. The situation worsened with military expansion around the Japanese-Russo War, an economic development after WWI, and the rapid economic growth period of Japan in the 1960s. In contrast, pollution was alleviated at the end of, and immediately after, WWII when the production was declined. A significant increase in Ag, followed by Sb, Cu, Zn, and Pb, was observed in the surface layers of the first core. This may be attributed to imported ore, which was the main resource for production during the economic growth period. Even after taking vertical migration into account, it was revealed that ore importation had an effect on element concentration, particularly Ag.

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We design a model depicting an individual’s power-saving intention-behavior-effect process in consideration of individual cost-benefit cognition and social cost-benefit cognition based on previous studies to clarify the determinants of pro-environmental behavior. The validity of the model is verified by structural equation modeling (SEM), using results from a citizens’ survey. By using this model, the difference in the situation according to location (Tokyo, Osaka) and power-saving experience of the previous year (experience group, inexperienced group) clarifies the difference between the influence on individual decision-making and the effect process by multiple group analysis.
The results show that social cost-benefit cognition and economical efficiency cognition evokes power-saving behavior and contributes to the power-saving effect, that although convenience cognition increases by power-saving intention, it does not contribute to power-saving behavior. Further, social cost-benefit cognition raises power-saving behavior rather than economical efficiency cognition. In addition, it was shown that it is only Tokyo that raises power-saving behavior by economical efficiency cognition, that the power-saving inexperienced group of the previous year raises power-saving behavior by evaluating social cost-benefit cognition strongly.

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As adaptation measures are essential to minimize the impacts of climate change, local governments are required to immediately integrate adaptation measures with existing measures. However there are some challenges with such integration, including stagnating discussions because of difficulties in dealing with climate prediction, challenges in creating a sense of ownership of adaptation measures and lack of specified procedures for integrating adaptation measures with existing ones. To overcome these difficulties, we propose “an interactive approach” based on experiences in considering climate change adaptation in the Tokyo metropolitan government..
The interactive approach can be divided into two parts consisting of a comprehensive part and an individual part. The comprehensive part is based on various climate predictions that have been developed in Japan. The individual part originates from verification of existing measures. This approach aims to ensure smooth integration of adaptation measures with existing ones..
This paper describes the results of discussions about the interactive approach with practitioners of leading local governments around the world and examines a case study about this approach in Japanese local government through practical workshops. Our success in obtaining approval from leading practitioners and raising awareness among Japanese practitioners by identifying adaption measures through case studies shows initial effectiveness in following this approach.

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