It has become a common recognition that the human in urban area receive a great benefit from the ecosystem services of green spaces. Nevertheless, the function and value of green spaces are not sufficiently considered in decision making on urban development. It is partly because there are not explicit, e.g. monetary, valuations of importance of green spaces. For appropriate economic valuation of green spaces, non-market value of the green spaces should be measured. Using Life Satisfaction Approach, this paper evaluates the psychological and subjective benefit of urban green spaces in monetary term. Analyzing the substitution between green spaces and income, we calculate monetary value of urban green spaces. As a result, we found significantly positive contribution of urban green spaces on citizens’ life satisfaction. And we have the results that the effects of urban green spaces on life satisfaction was six times larger than effects of forests. It is partly because the functions of urban green spaces and forests are different. In addition, using K6 indicator used in WHO, we also found that urban green spaces significantly relieve the level of people’s depression feelings.

In this study, a microplate AGP test using green algae, diatom and blue-green algae was examined and river water and treated sewage effluent were evaluated by the AGP test. High correlation was observed between absorbance measured by a microplate reader and cell concentration in the microplate wells, which indicates that algal growth in the microplate wells can be monitored by absorbance measurement of microplate wells. From the results of algal growth in the microplate, algal concentrations at the 10–14th day after incubation start will be suitable as the AGP values for the green algae and diatom. Since growth of blue-green algae is slower than that of the green algae, algal concentrations at the 14–18th day after incubation start will be suitable as the AGP values for the blue-green algae. Water quality of river water and treated sewage effluent at Katsura River basin was evaluated by the AGP test developed in this research. AGP values of treated sewage effluents were much higer than these of river water samples, which suggests that inflow of the treated sewage effluents into Katsura river will be considerable impacts on the river water quality of the Katsura river.

Many studies have investigated solutions for achieving low-carbon and energy-saving lifestyles. However, most of these studies focused on the living environment, use of air-conditioning and hot-water supply, and transportation methods. However, because the industrial sector generates higher CO₂ emissions compared to the residential, commercial, and transportation sectors, it is important to convert the current wasteful lifestyle that reinforces mass-production and mass-consumption to a low-carbon lifestyle. The basic focus of this research was to estimate the CO₂ emissions from household consumptions based on national statistics, such as the family income and expenditure survey, and the national survey of family income and expenditure. The results of comparing CO₂ emissions according to household attributes indicated that there is a large potential for reductions, especially in indirect CO₂ emissions, through change in consumer lifestyle.

The use of motorized vehicles associated with the process of economic growth has caused environmental pollution during this development. Even Mongolia, where many people are nomadic, has undergone a sudden wave of motorization, with primarily used Japanese cars being imported into the country. Due to commonly performed battery recycling, lead pollution is a problem in the used car industry. In our study, we are concerned with the exposure routes of lead to livestock. This study investigated the state of lead pollution in livestock based on a preliminary survey conducted in 2015. We report the results of lead concentration tests on blood from livestock pastured in the Ulan Bator area in 2016. The LeadCare^® II System was used to measure the lead concentration in the blood. The lead pollution in the population of livestock that grazed in the Ulan Bator area was serious. However, the blood lead concentrations of many livestock were below the detection limit in 2016. This year experienced rainfall in Mongolia. Therefore, we postulate that the lead accumulated in the pasture was washed away. In addition, we suggest sources of lead other than battery recycling because the blood lead concentration in nomadic livestock along the highway was high.