In order to clarify the dynamics of atmospheric mercury in the free troposphere, total gaseous mercury (TGM) monitors were installed at the Norikura Observatory (former Norikura Solar Observatory; 2,876 m a.s.l, 36°06′49″N, 137°33′19″E) located at the border between Nagano Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture. The observation conducted in October 2012 and September 2017. The average water vapor mixing ratio (WV) calculated from the radiosonde dataset at the same atmospheric pressure of Wajima and Shirahama meteorological station has been compared with the dataset which was obtained at Norikura Observatory. We observed some boundary layer/upslope flow during daytime, which produced a 26–205％ and a 44–175％ higher WV compared to radiosonde data taken from similar altitudes at the Wajima and the Shirahama meteorological station. Compared to the high WV period, subsided air masses with low WV period contained a relatively low concentration of TGM. Result from the average diurnal change of TGM concentration and WV, the increasing of TGM concentration in day time was observed. The backward trajectory analysis (duration time of 121 hours) at the high TGM concentration events in October 7, 2012 (#1) and September 15, 2017 (#2), were carried out every 100 from 100 to 3,000 m altitude at latitude and longitude of the Norikura Observatory. The air mass residence time of high mercury emission regions in Mainland China occupied 60 and 65％ of the total duration time in #1 and #2 events, respectively. The air masses which were observed high TGM concentration at Norikura observatory come from the high mercury emission regions with relatively long residence time.

In Mongolia, dzuds have adverse effects on mobile pastoralism, which is a key industry. Previous studies have shown that otors, grazing trips that separate livestock from commonly used rangelands, mitigate the decline in livestock numbers caused by dzuds. Also, it has become clear that households that undertake otors have a large number of livestock. Although urban areas may have an impact on otors, empirical research was not enough. The survey were conducted on 148 herding households living near the largest city, Mandalgobi, in Dundgobi Pref. In summer–autumn of 2009, households with children attending school in Mandalgobi did not go on otors across prefectural boundaries. It is thought that they stayed around Mandalgobi due to changes in the children’s eating preferences and the parents wanting a more favorable education environment. In winter–spring of 2009–2010, households with a shortage of labor and nomadic experience did not go on long-distance otors. The shortage of labor made it difficult to move, and the shortage of nomadic experience made it difficult to make adjustments to rent winter shelter for the livestock. In the future, there will be a need for adjusting the educational environment to preferences, and supplementing the adjustments of herders.

To understand the effect of social network services (SNSs) on volunteer acquisition, we conducted interviews with personnel working at two types of nonprofit organizations: so-called intermediary organizations that support the operation of many organizations and organizations that themselves recruit volunteers to carry out their tasks. In addition, we used a survey to solicit opinions and evaluations from personnel in forestry organizations regarding their use of SNSs to recruit volunteers. There were only a few organizations that discerned a significant benefit from using SNSs to recruit volunteers. Thus, the effect of recruiting volunteers by SNSs was equivalent to pull-type information sources such as organizational websites. Most organizations determined that conventional recruitment methods, such as leaflets and e-mail magazines sent directly to individuals, were more important.