Since the development of a country′s manufacturing sector is indispensable for national economic development, it is important to understand the ways in which energy can affect production. We focus on various aspects related to energy consumption in the manufacturing sector of Nepal and analyze the energy demand structure, influence of energy costs on both production and demand, and evaluate the substitution effect of capital for energy. The results revealed the following: (1) the “Clay, Cement, and Lime”, “Foods”, “Metal Products” and “Textiles” industries are major consumers of energy, (2) although the demand for coal is not elastic, the demand for other energy sources is highly elastic with respect to price, (3) changes in the price of total energy and petroleum products have a influence on production, (4) the substitution effect of capital for energy is high in the “Clay, Cement, and Lime”, “Metal Products”, and “General Machines” industries. In addition, we propose that the price of energy, particularly that of petroleum products, should be carefully controlled and that the “Clay, Cement and Lime” industry should receive the most capital investment.

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In this study, low-carbon behaviors based on indirect emissions of CO₂ and consumers′ benefits were extracted, and their acceptance and practice mechanisms were considered. At that time, the influence of the consumptive orientation on those behaviors was also examined.
First, by using the results of lifecycle CO₂ estimation and of an Importance-Performance analysis the following three behaviors related to dietary habits were extracted:“switch shopping from in-store purchases to home delivery (home delivery),” “eat seasonally” and “add one day of home-meal replacement per week (home-meal replacement)”.
Second, the following conclusions were obtained from a consideration of the practices mechanism of the behaviors. Risk perception towards the global warming had the greatest effect in the formation of goal intentions of low-carbon living behaviors. The consumers with “health-conscious” and “liking to travel” trend the risk perception is high. Also, since a personal desirability of a behavior leads to the practice, in addition to making appeals to consumers that it is easy to implement and has various merits, it is necessary to foster a social mood in which people′s environmental consciousness is heightened. In addition, it was suggested that consumption orientation such as “neophilia” and “health-conscious” also has effects on the practices of each behaviors.

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The Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) constructed a nationwide monitoring network to survey acidic deposition in Japan in October 1987. Although the monitoring network was closed in September 1996, monitoring at Komae, Tokyo has been continued over than last two decades. On the basis of the monitoring data collected between October 1987 and September 2010, we analyzed (i) long term trend in the chemical composition of precipitation, (ii) effect of precipitation amounts on the seasonal variation of concentrations, and (iii) influence of changes in precursor′s emissions on precipitation quality in the metropolitan area.
The equivalent ratio of non sea-salt sulfate to nitrate in precipitation significantly increased by 88% during the period from 1987 to 1999, suddenly decreased in the summer of 2000, and did not change during the period from 2002 to 2010. The equivalent ratio of sulfate, nitrate, and chloride to total non sea-salt anion were 31: 53: 16 for the end of 1980′s, 48: 44: 8 for the end of 1990′s, and 40: 56: 4 for the end of 2000′s, respectively. There was a strong effect of precipitation amounts on monthly concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in the warm season. Eruption of Miyake-jima volcano impacted concentrations of sulfate and chloride during the period from 2000 to 2001. The decrease in the concentration of chloride was considered to be related the reduction in hydrochloric acid emissions from industrial waste incinerators in the metropolitan area.

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