The purpose of this study is to clarify the problems and propose policies for achieving community participation in municipal solid wastes reduction in Ichinomiya city. We surveyed the state of community participation in each stage of municipal solid waste management, focusing on administrative projects and the efforts of neighborhood associations and enterprises. The major findings of this study are as follows:(1) Most administrative projects, at the recycle stage, are performed with community participation, and sorting of refuse for collection and the composting of kitchen garbage are being implemented.(2) The efforts of neighborhood associations and enterprises are not as active at either the reduce or reuse stages. There are many different ways of handling the recycle stage, and major variations in the successfulness of sorted collection depending upon the type of refuse.(3) At both the reduce and reuse stages, there are few administrative projects and limited efforts by neighborhood associations and enterprises. At the recycle stage, there is some inconsistency between the implementation of administrative projects and the efforts of neighborhood associations and enterprises.(4) Among the policies for achieving community participation, we recommend communication and sharing of information, the holding of environmental events, and encouraging the commitment of NPOs.

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We model the mechanism of a Potentially Contaminated Site (PCS) becoming a Brownfield site in order to estimate the probability of a PCS becoming a Brownfield site (Brownfield probability) in Japan. We calculate this probability using unit land value, cleanup cost and acceptable burden ratio for land owner as a parameter and at each prefecture, for each type of industry and for each size of factory. As a result, Brownfield Probability in Tokyo prefecture is very low, from 0.02% to 5%. This is the lowest probability in Japan. However, average Brownfield probability of the 39 prefecture except metropolitan region of Tokyo, Osaka, Aichi, is very high. The probability of manufacturing 3 which has high probability of using contaminants, gas stand and dry cleaner reach 20% to 24%. There are about 260, 000 manufacturing3, gas stand and dry cleaner sites in these 39 prefectures in Japan. This means the number of the Brownfield sites will increase in these prefectures in the near future and the land owner of these sites are economically-influenced from Brownfield problem.

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Movement in search of benefit-received principle spreads in natural parks in Japan as a background of financial difficulties. Although the principle is reasonable, impacts on visitors have never been studied so far, when price settings become higher than before or the number of recreation sites that introduce cost burden increase. This paper discusses issues on a cooperative funding, which is a widely-distributed practical method of benefit received principle in Japan. On-site sampling contingent valuation survey was conducted in Shiratani Unsuikyo and Yakusugi Land, Yakushima Island. The results indicate that an increase in setting of price from JPY 300 to 500 decrease 5% of the number of current visitors. And an increase in pricing to JPY 1, 000 decrease 20% of them. Furthermore higher pricing have more serious impact on younger visitors and visitors living in the vicinity of the island. Moreover, in the present circumstances, almost all of associations that operate the cooperative funding have independent accounting system and no partnership with other associations, therefore; prevalence of the current system without coordination has a possibility to impede the solution of the problems.

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