[in Japanese]

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To statistically examine the large-scale atmospheric circulation that relates to anomalous snow over Mongolia, monthly-based snow depth and temperature data at Mongolian 23 stations were analyzed. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to interannual anomalies of January snow depth during 1961-1990. The first mode (PC1) shows a pattern having widespread loadings of the same sign over the entire Mongolian region, while the second mode (PC2) exhibits a northeast-southwest dipole pattern. Lag correlation analyses of interannual anomalies revealed that the PC1 time coefficient for January is highly correlated (r=0.43) with the large-scale circulation mode of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) for November. The PC2 highly correlated (r=−0.47) with the mode of the Eurasian Pattern 1 (EU1) for December. The circulation modes are derived from the R-PCA of 500 hPa heights.

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By use of old documents and recent meteorological records, the frequencies of typhoon that attacked Central Japan were accounted from the 11th to the 20th centuries. During the warm periods, typhoons attack mainly from the third decade of August to the third decade of September. But, during the cool periods, the peak of typhoon’s attack appears on the third decade of September. And number of attacks decrease gradually before and after the period. The causes of the difference of the peak of typhoon’s attack seasons between the warm period and the cool period may be related to the patterns of general circulation.

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The purpose of the present study is to indicate the temporal variation trend in urban temperature, and the relationship between heat island intensity and population in various cities in China. The extraction of the temporal variation trend in urban temperature according to urbanization is conducted by applying principal component analysis to the time series of monthly mean temperature of twelve months for fifty years. Then, the estimation of heat island intensity in each city is attempted by an original method. The estimated heat island intensity, i.e., amount of the temperature rise according to urbanization, concerning the mean temperature obtained from one observation point by this method is corresponding to the temperature difference between inside and outside of the built-up area of Beijing. The heat island intensity in various cities in China is presumed by this method, and then the relationship to the urban population is examined. As a result, it is confirmed that heat island intensity and urban population in China are in good relation.

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The authors obserbed air temperature and relative humidity by moving obserbation method in Kumagaya City at mid-day of August 2001. The Discomfort Index (DI) were conputed by using air temperature and relative humidity. The results are as follows: the distribution of DI in Kumagaya’s heat-island is showing small differences place by place, and the secular change of ID is also very small.

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The call a folklore-religion of Monobe-son (Kochi-ken) “Izanagi-ryu”. Its sect and the priests-groups were different from each village. Although Izanagi-ryu has remained at present, villages collapsed after World War II. The priests-groups were not community but association, then they could reorganize themselves without difficulty. The process of reorganization of the priests-groups and its own special creed, “RIKAN” are more important than its geographical solitude. What the media give wide publicity lets the priests’ scope of activity become lager and larger. Now the priests do not participate in their social group, the creeds and its rites depend on personality of each priest. Therefore Izanagi-ryu is changing in quality, from a practical and regional folklore-religion to a famous mysticism-religion.

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This study takes up the reconstruction of traditional craft ‘Yuntanza Hanaui’ in Yomitan village, Okinawa. Particular attention is focused on the life course of people who support traditional craft, by analyzing their moving residences, career history and social activities. I clarify the process how the new traditional craft adjusts to the community according to the generational change. In 1964, the reconstruction of Hanaui, initiated by the administration, was spread among women’s society. The production of Hanaui, which has a strong characteristic as a job, gave a new employment opportunity to domestic women of Yomitan village because it was able to for the housewives to reconcile with domestic works. In addition, it promoted the settlement of new residents through the job network regardless the generation gaps. In conclusion, it is elucidated that the existence value of Hanaui itself has changed within the community along with the expectation towards traditional craft varies by each generation.

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[in Japanese]

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Distribution of Buddhism in Japan has been studied by Mochizuki (1930), Fujii et al. (1963), Fujii (1963), and Kitamura (1994). Prewar annual statistics by prefecture and denomination are hardly utilized as research material. Regional division map by denomination in Fujii et al. (1963) is found meaningful as a way of analyzing the collected data. This paper tries to modify it and make another map based on a prewar material so that it can compare between a present and a past distribution. Some changes can be pointed out as a result.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the meaning of sex recognized as male in public space from viewpoint of sexuality. This study newly introduces the concept of ‘sex of appearance’ to elucidate spatial aspect of gender. On the basis of some texts of sexual minority in Japan, it is made clear that male sex in public space is the condition in which one’s ‘sex of appearance’ is male. This finding specifies the meanings of male in spatial measures that create ‘women-only car’ in contemporary Japan.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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The aim of this study is to show the land use changes and its factors in the suburbs of Bangkok and propose a sustainable land use plan. At first, we classified Bangkok Metropolitan Region to some homogeneous areas based on natural condition, population, green cover ratio, land use and agricultural type using GIS. As a result, our target site was identified as an urban fringe area. And then, we made land use maps in 1952 and in 1998 of our study site from aerial photographs. These maps indicated that urbanization have been influenced by agricultural and transport infrastructures.

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After the Doi-Moi policy, which was introduced in 1986, the farmer’s action of the migrant worker is becoming encouraged. Here I intend to show this movement from the viewpoint of not only individual economic action but also socio-economic reflection of rural society. The data I use here are collected from field survey in Thanh Mien district, Hai Duong Province, Vietnam, where I was engaged in interview with migrant workers, administrative village officers, village headmen, and agricultural cooperatives officers from 1998 to 2001. Even in same district, the types of migrant worker and job are different in each administrative village. Moreover, the rural economic structure and social structure are also influential to farmer’s action.

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The People’s Republic of China is a huge nation occupying approximately one fifth of the world’s landmass. Its population is also large, approaching one thousand two hundred million. Approximately 92% of the total population is Chinese. Non-Chinese are generally referred to as minority groups. This paper focuses on the study of the upper Miao tribe’s life style, which lives in the mountains and traditionally puts shifting cultivation and huntaing into practice. That is according to grasp their traditional Culture. For, Japanese and the upper Miao tribe live together under the same natural environment. So, I selected two typical Miao’s settlements and studied their life style in detail.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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This article explains the transition of Danwei system, including related employment system, housing allocation system and social welfare system, and its influences on residents’ daily life and the formation of urban structure. Then, based on the casework on Sanyuan Company, the authors analyze the mechanism of the transformation of traditional Danwei Dayuan (the work unit compound) to new urban community. Finally, the authors bring forward a prospect of Danwei system in the market oriented economy.

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[in Japanese]

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This study investigates the changing process of the urban system of Taiwan under Japanese colonization. As for the location of central managerial function, some cities like Taipei, Keelung, and Kaohsiung grew as the administrative and economic points under the rule of the government-general. And among these cities, Taipei strengthened its overwhelming superiority by the 1940s. The railway network was constructed along main cities mentioned above, and we can see the development of these cities by the analysis of the railway revenue. Judging from these, we can say that the urban system of Taiwan, including the growth of cities, was completely under the influence of the Japanese colinial policy.

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[in Japanese]

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This study aims to clarify causal factors for differential attitudes of local governments towards the domestic wastes administration. First, I showed the tendency of the location of a waste disposal plants in Nagoya Metropolitan Area. Second, I conducted interview to the local governments officials working on domestic wastes disposal. As a result, the location of waste disposal plants was misdistribution in metropolitan area. These plants were located near the boundaries of local governments. A certain local government did not accept this plant to be located in their area. They were negative in domestic wastes administration. Various processing were performed inside the metropolitan area. Differential attitudes toward these problems by local governments were clearly indicated.

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[in Japanese]

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The regeneration of in the local city is being done with TMO. TMO of 224 is established in the whole country in July, 2002 at present. Many TMO’s are lack of fund and lack of talented people. The live satisfactory effect of the local city isn’t being shown as a result. In many cases, the central repair business of building-making of before type is being done. As for the center city area regeneration of today’s local city, lack of the idea and lack of talented people are problems. The whole can be looked over from the synthetic viewpoint, and area grasping analysis power can kindle TMO synthetic coordinator support, advice post each TMO business can useful again talented people active appointment is necessary.

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This paper evaluated spatial and temporal effects of Tokai Flood that renewed the record of rainfall in Nagoya City (597mm) on September 11-12, 2000 on the land price using hedonic approach. The 4 main findings are obtained. Firstly, the land price may generally decrease 4727.4∼9402.2Yen/m², or 3.156∼6.627% when the inundation increases every 50cm. Secondly, it is confirmed that Tokai Flood did cause the decrease of land price. Thirdly, Spatial variability of the effects of Tokai Flood on land price is proved. Finally, the effect of Tokai Flood on industrial land price is confirmed while those on residential and commercial land prices depend on their location and period.

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The heat island phenomenon, in which urban temperature is higher than that of the surrounding rural area, has been recognized for many years. One of the cause is the thermal property of urban fabric which restore in the daytime and release at night more heat than rural fabric. There are thermal conductivity λ, heat capacity C and density ρ which is related to heat input/output mechanism. In this study we measure thermal property parameter μ(=√Cρλ) of asphalt and soil with tree method: One is an experiment in the artificial meteorological camber and others are field observations. Results show that μ of asphalt is longer than that of soil.

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[in Japanese]

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A numerical study was done to investigat the dependency of land-sea breezes on the terrain over Central Japan without geostrophic wind, using the hydrostatic, 3 dimensional local circulation model developed by Kimura, last co-author. The dimension of study area is 585km×585km and its center is located at mountainous region of Central Japan, which is divided horizontally to 130×130 grids and vertically to 30 layers. With real terrain, sea breeze starts to penetrate at about 0900 JST on the Pacific Ocean and Japan Sea sides, progresses most at about 1500 JST. Sea breezes on Both the Pacific Ocean and Japan Sea sides converge at the mountainous region of Central Japan. On the other hand, with flat terrain, sea breeze starts to penetrate at about 1200 JST on both sides, and they do not converge yet at 1500 JST. They converge each other at 1700 JST at the geographical center of Honshu Island. It is found from comparing the horizontal distribution of potential temperatures at several heights that, though the convective mixing layer is well developed over land, the potential temperature is about the same between over land and over sea over 2000m heights for the flat terrain computation, while the potential temperature is higher over land than over sea for the real terrain computation.

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The purpose of this report is to show the distribution and time progress of the temperature and relative humidity of fine weather days in summer in the southern part of the Hida mountain range. The author installed meteorological recorders in summer in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001. The number of observation places were four or eight. The recorders observed at intervals of ten minutes. And the data of recorders were received by computer. The summary of the result is as follows: (1) According to the observations at Mt. Kasaga-take and Mt. Kurobegorou-dake, inversion layers appeared at the foot of mountains and at the middle of mountain slopes. There are two kinds of the inversion layers. First, the type of the foot of mountains appeared before daylight and disappeared on the morning. The time of disappearance corresponds with the time of shift of mountain wind and valley wind. Secondly, the type of the middle of mountain slopes appeared at daytime. (2) According to the observations of summits of four mountains (Mt. Sugoroku-dake, Mitsumatarenge-dake, Kurobegorou-dake and Yakushi-dake in order from the south), the following results are obtained. A sharp rise of temperature and a sharp fall of relative humidity began earlier in the morning as the mountains of the south in comparison with the mountains of the north.

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[in Japanese]

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Hoshino village, Fukuoka prefecture, has beautiful landscape of the rice terraces. However, the land use has changed greatly in recent years. From the geomorphologic viewpoint, these terraces can be classified into six types. The rice terraces on river terraces and steep slopes of valley plains are well sustained as paddy fields. The rice terraces on land slide area and talus cones are mainly changed to the fields for other crops. The rice terraces on gentle slopes and erosion surface at the top of the mountains tend to be devastated. In the maintenance and management of the rice terraces, it is necessary to consider such geomorphologic viewpoints. (106 words)

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In a coastal lagoon area, future sea level rise by the global warming will have great impacts not only on the physical systems but also on the socio-economic systems and on the biological ecosystems of the area. Inundation of lowlands and coastal erosion will become more serious by the sea level rise. Land use or water use pattern and the ecosystems will be changed because of the increase of salinity in lagoon water. It is most important for the practical assessment of such impacts to clarify the indigenous characteristics of each local area such as micro topography of the area, some vulnerability for natural disasters and traditional land use. So in this study a hazard map or risk map of the sea level rise is presented by compiling such information. And some adaptive strategies will be suggested from the three kinds of viewpoints; “retreat”, “accommodation” and “protection”.

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This study has been carried out in Namdinh province, belongs to a wave dominant part of the Red River Delta. There are sand dunes and sand ridge that are parallel and running down forward to the south. The soil salinity of root zone has been measured and it can manifest the relationship between altitude and salinity. The changing of water salinity can show out the difference of salinity intrusion in three river mouths. The further research should be done to simulate the effects of the sea level rise on this coastal region.

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Tong King delta is one of the been most densily populated area in Southeast Asia. However, the delta is vulnerable to natural disasters, Dykes have been constructed since 1000 years ago. More than the half of the country’s embankment system country exists in the Tong King delta. The delta has been intensively cultivated agriculture since the 10th century. Because natural disaster has serious effects on agricultural production in the Tong King delta, it is one of the obstacles for the economic development of Vietnam. In addition to the nature-caused coastal erosions, such as typhoon and ocean currents long history of human activities also caused the coastal erosion in the Tong King delta expansion of farmland, such as deforestation of the mangrove. Coastal erosion causes the soil erosion, soil salinity, and the bank collapsing, etc. Erosion damage is severe and well documented but the issue in the coastal line of Tong King delta is seldom addressed. In this paper, coastal erosion occurred in the Tong King delta was examined. Based on satellite images, interview and field observations, a map of area at risk and the probability of damage caused by coastal erosion was predicted.

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The current estimate of global desertification area by the United Nations is about 3.6 billion ha, which was estimated based on so-called “Informed Opinion” approach. It could not be helped to depend on this kind of qualitative approach, considering time, cost and labor limitations. However, because effectiveness was prioritized, the reliability and quantitativeness were ignored. The authors consider that measurable methodology based on field experiments, satellite remote sensing and ecosystem model will be appropriate for desertification assessment which can satisfy the criteria of reliability and quantitativeness. The methodology of desertification assessment based on biological productivity which the authors are developing is one of these attempts.

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It is important to establish scientific methodology to monitor and assess desertification status. The objective of this study is to develop regional desertification monitoring methodology. CASA model to estimate NPP (net primary productivity) was modified and adjusted to arid areas by our own results of field investigation. Chikugo model was used to estimate climatologically potential NPP. By comparison of actual NPP using modified CASA model and climatologically potential NPP using Chikugo model, vegetation degradation areas in Asia for the year of 2000 could be mapped. We could detect areas with vegetation degradation by objective methodology.

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The soil moisture sub-model incorporated in CASA model (Potter et al. 1993), estimating net primary production (NPP), is validated with soil moisture observations at a dryland site in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the soil moisture sub-model of the CASA model did not simulate absolute values and seasonal changes observed in Inner Mongolia. In order to simulate a realistic soil moisture estimate, the time interval on which the model is run to be daily instead of monthly with soil parameters from field experiments. The soil moisture model proposed by present study will be useful for estimating better water stress for precise NPP.

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Small rivers crossing the San Andreas fault, California, mostly show Type A deformation, in which the ratio of vertical to horizontal components of fault displacement (offset slope) is smaller than channel gradient. Because of the high rate of fault displacement and the lack of eroding ability of these highly intermittent rivers, some anomalies can still be observed in their longitudinal profiles. Their angles of deflection are far smaller than the angles of steepest possible courses theoretically determined by offset slope and channel gradient. Rivers with rather smooth longitudinal profiles are new gullies developed after the last displacement of the fault, either on depositional surfaces or in old offset valleys.

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[in Japanese]

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On the basis of the height of Middle and Late Pleistocene marine terraces, the tilting direction of the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains can be calculated to be N53°W to N55°W. Results of leveling show that the mountains tilted N51°W during the Niigata Earthquake (M=7.5) of 1964, and the direction is exactly the same as those obtained from the height of the terraces. The tilting movement of the coastal region began in the early Middle Pleistocene (NAKAGAWA, 1997), and the results of leveling indicate that the movement continues on the Recent. In contrast to this, the low-relief surface around the summit of Mt. Kakuda gently dips east. The differece of directions is ascribable to the fact that the surface was formed before the start of the tilting movement.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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Geomorphic change caused by lahar associated with the 2000 Miyakejima volcanic activity was investigated. It is clarified that geomorphic condition on the volcanic edifice has controlled the occurrence, magnitude and timing of lahars. Along the valleys developed on the north, east and south slopes of the edifice, which originated from upper part of the edifice, the most lower reaches of these valleys with gentle gradients are depositional areas where lahar deposited. This resulted in destruction of the roads and so on. In contrast, on the west slope of the edifice, Kuwanoki-daira Caldera buffers lahars, preventing coastal area from the prominent destruction by lahars.

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Significanse in platetectonics, process and mechanism on the genesis of the oceanic islands have been discussed in comparison with geomorphology, structure, scale, age, eruptive products, mineral and chemical composition of volcanic rocks etc. of Hawaii, Canary, Azores, Les Union islands. A volcano in Hawaian islands are usually active for ca. 0.5 Ma while a volcano in Canary islands was continuously active for 200 Ma.

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The ‘Onioshidashi lava flow’ has been considered a typical block andesitic lava flow, which gently flowed over the crater rim of Asama volcano in the 1873 eruption. But the lava flow is mainly composed of secondary-flowage products derived from welded-pyroclastic fall deposits in the climax phase of eruptive cycle. The fact subjest that the lava flow occuered explosive eruption. The eruptive sequence ‘Plinian eruption→pyroclastic flow→lava flow’ must be reconsidered. The method of the aerial photograph interpretation also for volcanic land forms(lava levee etc.)shoud be reexamined.

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To evaluate the influence of the volcanism on the plain, it is important to understand how sediment load behave after deposition of the volcanic mud-flow. The author clarified the distribution of the micro landform on the volcanic mud-flow depositional surfaces in the Maebashi-Takasaki region and cosidered its forming processes based on the subsurface stratigraphy. Two types of forming processes (depositional type and erosional one) are supposed in the concerned area depending on the thickness of eventual deposits. And the author considered the differentiation of the thickness was caused by whether the “Inokawa Mud flow” exists or not.

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Shirasu ignimbrite plateau was formed rapidly immediately after the Aira-Ito eruption (29 cal ka), owing to enhanced ephemeral erosion and denudation on the pyroclastic field. It has been generally considered that aeolian process was almost only geomorphic factor on Shirasu plateau after the drastic dissection of initial topography. However, recent observations of upland deposits at successive trench show the non-uniformity of landform evolution on plateau surface. In this presentation, new findings are introduced with respect to buried gully, tephric loess and deposition of Kikai-Koya pyroclastic flow, and landscape change on Shirasu plateau is summarized, based on some cases in northern and middle part of Osumi Peninsula. This diversity, derived from fluvial and aeolian process, should be paid attention in terms of ecological and archaeological implications.

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In Japan, expansion and accumulation of human activities have a great effect on water chemistry of rivers. Because changes in water quality persist for a longer time than those in the quantity of water, there is concern that qualitative deterioratation of water resources will be encountered in the immediate future. However, extensive studies on dynamic states of water chemistry of river are not emphasized so much, and therefore an examination of the quantitative relationship between water chemistry of river and characteristics of drainage basin such as geology, landform, landuse, and so on, is not sufficient. In this research, dynamic states of water chemistry of the Tone River system, which supplies the largest urban area in Japan with water resources, are demonstrated and compared with its characteristics of drainage basin. Longitudinal variations in chemical composition of the main stream of the Tone River system are strongly affected by the confluences of the tributaries which have highly developed basins. Comparison with characteristics of drainage basin suggests that seasonal variations in water chemistry are caused by discharge controls at water facilities.

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Mt. Yakeishi-dake (1548m) is a quaternary volcano which is located in 20km of western in Mizusawa city, Iwate, and belongs in Kurikoma National Park. Mt. Yakeishi-dake circumference is known for within the prefecture as an area with many natural lakes together with the outskirts of Hachimantai. Lake Ishi-numa is one of the natural lake groups with which Mt. Yakeishi-dake is dotted, and is a closed lake without an inflow river with an altitude of 905m and an outflow river. Moreover, Lake Naka-numa is an open lake with an inflow river and an outflow river. Since Lake Ishi-numa is a closed lake, the mechanism of stable regulation of a water level has many unknown points. Moreover, Lake Naka-numa in similar environment is an open lake, and there is a difference in the self-regulation function of a water level. Then, a lake basin figure exact in this research a water level change and water temperature change were observed and it aimed at clarifying about difference with the seasonal change of water income and outgo, and water temperature and water quality and the open lake in a closed lake.

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“Kaze-no-miya”, wind shrine, is distributed over the Toyama Plane and wind festival is done in summer. Wind festival is called as “Kaze-no-bon” and is done with a priest. In a temple of the Kannon, the Jizou, the Fudo and the Yakushi, they are considered as the God of water, God of the ground, God of the mountain and God of the sea. There are much similarity the profit of the wind festival and that of these temples. In Hokuriku District, a lot of these temples are distributed, too. But, there is something difference between the area where wind festival is distributed over, and the area where these various temples are distributed. The constitution ratio of each temple is low in one Hokuriku District but it is high in Shikoku District. There is a little wind festival in a Shinto shrine in Shikoku District. It may be caused by the constitution ratio of these various temples is high in there.

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