Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers

The study aims at clarifying how Hollywood movie project is carried out in global inter-cluster relations by a case study of FX Cartel based in Montreal, Canada. FX Cartel was founded by key persons in Los Angeles and Montreal, and provide VFX according to demand from Hollywood by organizing proper firms and individuals and by changing the size and members from project to project. Field research was executed in Montreal in September 2009, including interviews with VFX producer Carole Bouchard, VFX supervisor Gunnar Hansen, and other key persons in participating firms. Some core players joined all the projects and some players joined a part of them. Majotiry of the players are located in Montreal but some located outside of Montreal are also included. There was an obstacle to make smaller boutique venders and individual artists participate Hollywood movie project because of complicated management issue. FX Cartel is successful for overcoming the difficulties by providing management service needed in the cordination between Hollywood and Canadian clusters.

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I Background
The level of living environment in a suburb is expected to decrease with ageing of resident, while the sustainable city is sought to deal with global environment problems and increase of senior citizens. The compact city is one model of sustainable city emerged in Europe in 1990's and now local governments in Japan are to take the model for city planning policies. Toyama city proposed a cluster-type compact city model in the master plan of city (2008) instead of the ordinal centralized-type one. This study take the Toyama's model as it concerns its suburb and measures accessibility to facilities of the necessaries for life in Fuchu area to analyze living environment in a suburb in sustainable city (Sekine 1993).
II Analysis Method
The effect of compaction should be observed as an improvement of accessibility by simulation analysis at present and this study set 2 scenarios along the Toyama's city plan: migration of residents from a suburb to the residence promoted area which Toyama city decided by 25, 50, 75 and 100% of people; public transport improvement that shorten an average waiting time of bus by 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 from the present level, and another scenario that the waiting time is set at 5 minutes. Accessibility to city centre, general hospital, shopping centre and department store, and supermarket by walk, bicycle, car and bus is measured at spatial unit of 1/2 grid of Census (2500), and then population is concerned to evaluate the accessibility. This analysis uses data and tool as follows: time distance based road distance (Digital Data 2500 of GSI, 2006), the time of day by the examination data of living time-budget (NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, 2005), and ESRI ArcGIS9.3 Network Analyst.
III Compact City Plan and Living Environment
The accessibility is generally better around these facilities and bicycle is basically more useful than bus. Even if the public transport scenario is strengthened, accessibility distribution by bus in the area is little improved. The accessibility observed at the level that 90 and 95% of population can reach facilities is improved with scenarios strengthened, and the degree of the improvement depends on locations and distributions of facilities and population. Particularly, the accessibility of elder people is well improved because they tend to be living in outer area where is inconvenient to reach any facilities.
As a result of this analysis setting scenarios along the cluster-type compact city model of Toyama city, the compact city plan basically improves accessibility to facilities of the life-necessaries. But the effect isn't so strong as a whole, and there is doubt whether the policy is effective to global environment problems, for example, decrease of CO² emission by car usage.
Reference: Sekine, T. 1993. Geographical studies of quality of life and living environment: A review and perspective. Annals of the Japan Association of Economic Geographers 39(3): 27-44.

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I. Introduction
The natural environment is one of the most important resources for tourism. With increasing urbanization, destinations in both industrialized and developing countries with significant natural features, scenery, cultural heritage or biodiversity are becoming increasingly popular sites for tourist destinations. This is also the case of Romania, which has started developing faster its tourism after 1990's. Efforts to preserve and enhance the natural environment should therefore be a high priority for the industry and for governments. Moreover, the quality of services, accessibility and problems caused by mass tourism and the role of local societies are key aspects directly attached to sustainable development in tourism.
In Romania, the Eco-Tourism has an incipient stage, but in the future, it can become an important domain which improves the quality of environment and life, but also the level of sustainability.

II. The First System of Certification in Eco-Tourism in Romania was developed within the project "Development of Partnerships for Nature Conservation and Tourism in Romania", conducted by the Association of Ecotourism in Romania, in collaboration with the US Agency for International Development - Program Development Agriculture - Business in Romania - and the Partnership Foundation. The program was developed with support from the Dutch Doen Foundation. This certification system is based on eight principles: focusing on natural areas, interpretation of ecotourism product, sustainability in terms of protecting the natural environment, contributions to conservation, constructive contribution to the development of local communities, sensitivity to local culture and traditions, level satisfaction of tourists, fair marketing.

III. Piatra Craiului National Park - A Model of Sustainable Tourism in Romania
Piatra Craiului National Park is located in the Southern Carpathians, including Piatra Craiului Ridge Mountains and adjacent areas of intra lanes, Rucar-Bran and Rucar-Zarnesti. "Due to the unique nature of the massif where rare species are as Dianthus callizonus, Hesperis nivea, Minuatia Transylvania Leontopodium alpinum, and thanks to the beauty landscape", the Piatra Craiului Massif became a natural reserve in 1938, and in 1990 was declared National Park (IUCN 2nd category).
Zoning of Piatra Craiului National Park was made taking into account the need for conservation of biodiversity and landscape and socio-economic development of the area.
According to surveys conducted by the park administration, the estimated annual number of tourists is about 86.000, which are interested / motivated in the mountains, nature and escape the city. The main form of tourism is agro-tourism, Eco-Tourism being at an early stage. Hiking and mountain climbing are commonly practiced, the Park being crossed by the 30 tourist routes that lead to special areas such as Zarnesti, Cerdacul Stanciului, Dambovicioara Cave etc. Accommodation infrastructure includes rural locations in the villages in the park (Magura Cave-2-4) and around the park (Bran, Moeciu Sirnea, Ciocanu, Dacmbovita Bridge, Dambovicioara and Satic) and the chalets (Plaiul Road, mouth bars - forestry, Curmatura, Garofita ridge BRUSTURET) and campsites in the park. The degree of comfort provided by a daisy differs from hostels to five stars. In the National Park, the following tourist attractions are the shelters: Diana Spirlea, Sharp Peak (Carol Lehman) Grindului saddle, saddle Bottoms, Grind.

V. Conclusions Eco-Tourism in the Piatra Craiului National Park is just one approach towards seeking a Sustainable Tourism in Romania. Promotion of Sustainable Tourism in Romania, through the development of policy tools, capacity building and awareness-raising programs, local involvement, current guidelines for good practice and implementation remain essential goals.

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Geospatial Information Authority of Japan technically assisted municipalities to publish information using Digital Japan Web system, such as road blocked sections or disinfection spots on the roads for virus circulation prevention in 2010 foot and mouth disease and 2010-2011 bird influenza circulation cases. The method and result will be presented.

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