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Takeei Koizumi, Tadashi Masuzawa, Chihiro Tsujimura, Tatsuto Aoki
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1
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2003
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Sadao TAKAOKA
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2
Published: 2002
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Origins and spatio-temporal patterns of vegetation patches were examined with special reference to environmental resources and disturbance regimes. Distributions of environmental resource patches and disturbance patches were controlled by landforms and bed rocks in mountain areas. Spatio-temporal changes of vegetation were characterized by difference in persistence of these patches. Mountain ecosystems should be managed with adequate similarity to natural disturbance regimes. Some important challenges were shown to improve our understanding of vegetation dynamics and the response to environmental changes.
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Tohru UMEMOTO
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3
Published: 2002
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The author discussed the contribution and aims of climatology to the geoecological research on the Japanese mountains. Firstly the characteristics of the Japanese mountains was presented. The spatial scale of it is largely different from the great mountain systems such as the Alps, the Andes, etc. The features of the mountain climate of Japan were then discussed. One local feature of the winter monsoonal wind and its precipitation is distinguished, whereas the synoptic scale pressure systems are considered to be repeating event-maker. Lastly two ways of contribution were presented: the one intensive field observation and the other is to construct or tune up a high resolution atmospheric model for complex terrain.
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Yuki Sawada
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4
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Yousuke Nakamura
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5
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Hiking trail degradation of this area was deciphered with the aerial photograph. It was deciphered that sheet erosion had begun from 1964 or before. Although degradation area became the maximum at the first half of the 1980s, the wooden stairs constructed from 1987 suppressed sheet erosion, and it became the distribution of the present bare ground. However, in the area that the gully erosion was still advancing and was formed gully erosion in hiking trail covered by the thick soil layer. Moreover, degradation has occurred also about the newly constructed wooden stairs. There is widely bare ground of hiking trail on gentle slope, and it was a grassland before. The hiking trail degradation is distributed along a hiking trail with many hiker. The place in which the gully erosion develop is an area where a thick soil layer exists.
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Teiji Watanabe
Pages
6
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Naho Ikeda
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7
Published: 2002
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The research project on the environmental factors of alpine pastures and its utilization in the Ghunsa Valley located in the Kanchenjunga Area was conducted in 2000-01. The research items related to the environmental factors are: condition of landform and vegetation; biomass of herbaceous plants; and air temperature in the pastures. The following facts are clarified. At first, the herbaceous vegetation is composed by about 40 different dominant species. Secondary, biomass of herbaceous plants in main pastures was 2272g/m
2 at flat ground and 380g/m
2 at slope(weight in raw) as of the end of August. These values were utilized for evaluation of the productivity of pastures in the whole study area. At the same time, effects of grazing against the biomass were examined by comparison between pre- and post-grazing.
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Krishna Gautam
Pages
8
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Present paper based on experiment on examining lopping or litter-removal regime for two community-managed sal(Shorea robusta) forests of Nepal, and demonstrated users’ knowledge of various products from sal forests, and also ethnosilvicultural aspects of many species. The knowledge shown by users not only explained about the plants but also expressed importanceto their socio-cultural context. Forests under the present research showed multi-story structures, and such structures are common in most of the community forests, particularly in the mountain regions. The findings are especially useful for sustainable management of mountain forests through active participation of local users.
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Keshav Lall MAHARJAN
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9
Published: 2002
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This study examined the forest resource management practices and its affect on well being of rural prople in the hills of Kathmandu valley. The endowments before 1990 helped villagers, except socially backward Kamis, to get easy access to the forest resource; fuel wood, fodder and timber in 1990 and enhanced their well beings. Forest resource management improved after the set up of different endowments during late 1990s. This enhanced the well beings of all the groups in the study village. However, the Kamis were still lacking behind, partly due to the difference in carried over endowments and partly due to their occupational work and the location of their settlements.
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Tomofumi Yoshizumi
Pages
10
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The colonial government constituted the Government Forest to promote scientific forestry partly through acquisition of community forests which were maintained by the local people. Restrictive forest-pastoral policies introduced by the Government drove the peoples lives to severe hardship. They fought against them by means of petition firstly, and lastly incendiarism. On the other hand many artificial regeneration programs failed because of commercial-oriented forestry which would not take the local ecosystem into consideration. These forest-pastoral policies divided the trimurty of forest user, regulator of abuse and caretaker which were realized before British rule, and thus in turn destroyed the culture of ecological resource utilization. This is the reason why those policies could not be successful.
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Masao Kobayashi
Pages
11
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During developing process after 1980’s in rural Nepal, migration trend toward foreign countries have been common, mainly by youth males. The family members of those out migrators tend to seek their position of strategic life not only in their own village but also in social relations between rural-urban or global system.
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Shigeru Kobayashi, Shinjiro Hamano, Akira Suzuki, Kanji Watanabe, Sash ...
Pages
12
Published: 2002
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In a lower middle hill area, east of Kathmandu, ethnic groups such as Tamangs, Parbates and Newars perceived that malarial zone were lower elevations where sal trees(Shorea robusta) were dominant. They commuted to the paddy fields in valley bottoms from settlements located in upper hills higher than malarial zone to avoid the malaria infection in the night time during hot season. On the other hand, there found ethnic minorities who have been living in malarial zone. The Danuwars is one of these lowlanders. We detected high prevalence of alpha
+-thalassemia along with low prevalence of Hb E and G6PD deficiency among them, whereas the gene frequencies of alpha
+-thalassemia among Tamangs, Parbates and Newars were low.
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Izumi MORIMOTO
Pages
13
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Since 1950s, international tourism has been developed in Nepal by means of the largest tourist resources, the Himalayas. However, for the several decades of the mid of the last century, tourism development without adequate national plans have been brought about environmental disruption. Accordingly some policies have been taken by national level, for example, avoiding to concentrate to the fragile environment in the Himalayas, opening some restricted areas in high Himalayas to tourists, and developing cultural and historical tourist spots in Kathmandu. On the other hand, the number of tourists has been decreasing since 2000 for the reason of political instability.
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Toshihiro TSUKIHARA
Pages
14
Published: 2002
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Recent development of livestock industry in Nepal Himalaya is discussed from aspects of milk and meat supply to urban area of the capital city Kathmandu. Nepal’s dairy development is influenced by Indian case, i.e. so called “White Revolution”, on its methodology. And the trend was clear from 1980s. But the meat related industry is comparatively less modernized yet. And dealing of meat and livestock is still under hands of Newari-Kasai or Muslims who were traditionally enrolled in that field. Geographical study on livestock and livestock industry in south Asia needs integrated approach, which can cover cultural or social view of livestock relating to caste system, dynamic tradition of south Asian religious culture, and ecological studies related on livestocks.
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Takako Yamada
Pages
15
Published: 2002
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Among the Ladakhi in Western Tibet, farming, i.e., the cultivation of wheat and barley, and the breeding of yak, zomo (yak-cow hybrid), cattle, sheep and goat, has been their subsistence. The farming pattern slightly differs among villages depending on the altitude of the location. Cold and dried semi-desert environment, also, has ecologically restrained each family from having more cultivated fields and more number of domestic animals in terms of the construction of an irrigation canal system and the collecting of grass for winter. Since mid-1970s, when this area was opened to tourists, local development has begun and people’s traditional life has been facing drastic changes, especially within Leh precincts. This presentation is to show several issues on the life of farming and the development in Ladakh, commenting NGO activities.
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Satoshi Nakagawa
Pages
16
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This study aims to demonstrate the following two points. Firstly, making GIS database of demographic and socio-economic indicators at provincial level for the Višegrad four countries. Secondly, investigating influences of socio-economic development in regional context upon changing demographic indicators. The yielded results are; firstly, diffusion of fertility decline implies regional structures of the study area, i.e. well developed and well-informed regions experienced fertlity decline followed by less developped regions. Secondly, migration between capital cities and the rest shows stagnation while regional disparity between them grows. One of the factors seems to be a tight housing market of capital cities.
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Jozef Mládek
Pages
17
Published: 2002
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Demogeography (population geography) is the partial discipline of the human geography concerned with the basic regularity of the development, size, distribution, structures, natural and mechanical movement of population of the different regional units. Much more emphasis is given to the study of the population processes and structures in the mutual relations to the remaining geographical elements. The object and the programme of the demogeography can be transformed, especially in dependence to the development of the alone discipline (new study-methods and techniques, new knowledge) as well as to the population and society development (new problems and questions). Demogeography has at the present time several scientific topics to search. Based on the detailed analysis of the demographic processes, knowledge and formulation of the main law to their long-term development and to the rapid changes of the population processes in Slovakia in the last decennial (live-birth rate, fertility, marriages, divorces, abortions and natural increase of the population). First time in the whole history Slovakia had the natural decrease of population in 2001.
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Masahiro Kagami
Pages
18
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Since the political change of Hungary in 1989, each of the ethnic minorities has sought for the way to integration to ethnic group. My discussion focused upon the social organization of German inhabitants as member of the ethnic minorities in Hungary and its regional context. In German ethnic society, brass band, dance group and chorus group are valued as holder of Their traditional culture, and their activities have been promoted by some ethnic elite like the Hungarian German Association and the German Radio Society. Based on such conditions German inhabitants in Hungary would find a chance for their development.
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Peter Meusburger
Pages
19
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The aim of this paper is to study the educational achievement of Hungarian gypsies and their employment at the beginning of the transformation process. In this paper, those 142683 Hungarian gypsies are studied, that identified themselves as gypsies under the census question “nationality”. Out of the persons of 15 years and older 55.2% did not complete eight grades of primary school. Only 5.1% of Hungarian gypsies completed a level of education beyond primary school. Gypsies having not attended or completed eight grades of elementary education showed to be the most vulnerable and disadvantaged in the first ten years of the transformation process. The gypsies’ educational achievement varies with the size of their place of residence and shows large gender disparities. Considering the fact that educational achievement of children is mainly affected by the maternal level of education, opportunities of young gypsies growing up in the rural periphery are not very promising.
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Hiroshi SASAKI
Pages
20
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I analized the Middle-east european economies from the viewpoint of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). FDI has activitated the economy of Middle-eastern European countries by bringing capitals and Know-how of Westeuropean enterprises and supplied money to Curren Account Deficit and contributed to increase Equity Capital, Employment, Investment, Sales and Export Sales. Former socialistic countries in Middle-eastern Europe have been classified into two goups: progressive well-being countries as Hungary, Czech Rep., Slovenia, Poland and Baltic three countries, and another stagnated countries as Ukrain, Bulgaria and Romania. Till now Middle-eastern European countries have attracted FDI from the World, which might move capital and investment to more eastern countries with cheaper labour cost.
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Koji Kobayashi
Pages
21
Published: 2002
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12 years has passed since the East European Revolution. The Central Europe has been drastically changing in all aspects. Generally speaking, the Central Europe would have been developed in both economically and in the viewpoint of the quality of life. Under these processes, one of the characteristics in the Central Europe is that disparities of social levels and regional disparities have been growing up. For example, agriculture and rural areas, which played a important roll, is considered as “a loser” now. However, we can observe there have been diversified aspects in rural areas. The present development and characteristics of rural areas would be mainly depend on the following 2 points: 1) how have the State farms and Cooperatives in the socialism’s era become? 2) how many employments without agriculture are there(the advance of industries into rural areas, commuting to the urban areas in the neighborhood, developing of tourism etc.)? This presentation shows, how the 2 rural areas have been changing. The one rira; area is Dunajska Luzna, located in the outskirts of Bratislava, Slovakia’s capital city, the other is Wegorzyno located in the northwestern part of Poland.
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Masaaki KUREHA
Pages
22
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This study attempts to examine changes in tourism activities of the people from the Visegrád Countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary) in Austria. They had mostly visited to urban regions in Austria, mainly Vienna, in the socialism period. Since the East European Revolution, the number of tourists to Austria has remarkably increased. Most of tourists from the Visegrád Countries often visit large ski resorts in Austria in recent years. Their tourism form indicates the different feature with that from Germany or the Netherlands, for example they often use cheaper accommodations. The development of winter sports tourism from the Visegrád Countries in Austria is caused not only by the growth of recreational activities in the Visegrád Countries, but also by market management of various bodies for tourism in Austria.
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Teresa Czyz
Pages
23
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This paper focuses on regional aspects of the socio-economic transformation in Poland in the years 1990-2000. In the first section basic macroeconomic trends are outlined. In the second, regional disparities and spatial adaptation to the new socio-economic system after ten years of the transformation are presented. The regional system consists of 16 new voivodeships, and the development measured employed are the regional GDP and unemployment rate. On the scale of the development level strong, average and weak regions are distinguished, as well as winners and losers of the transformation. In the third section, an attempt is made to identify spatial regularities in the regional development of Poland. Regional polarisation is described on the basis of a continuous distribution of the potential index in the form of the ratio of income potential to population potential, and it is interpreted in terms of the core-periphery model.
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Ivan Bičik, Martin Hampl
Pages
24
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The process of transformation presents the complex of changes stimulated by the need of fundamental reorganisation of the central planning system in the political and economical. The process of transformation we can also understand as a part of broader modernisation processes. Transformational processes started in 1990 brought to Czechia a lot of fundamental changes in territorial organisation of economic societal sphere. Creation of free competition of regions and towns has led to completely explicit differentiation on the level capitol Prague (agglomeration) versus the rest of Czechia. On the second level of importance we can talk about regional differences of the impact of transformational processes in the proportion of east and west parts of the state. It is obvious that the biggest problems of economic social development are in those regions that the former regime preferred through its economic and regional policy. It is inevitable to stress the fact that transformational processes essentially influenced regional differentiation of economic and social development of Czechia.
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Antal Aubert
Pages
25
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The study presents the spatial processes of the economy according to the dividing principles of the title in the “decade of transition.” In its introductory phase it deals with the transformation of the property relations, characterises the features and types of privatisation in the region. The macro structure of the economy divides the region to the so called “inner and outer ring countries” among which the disparities of development are significant. On the other hand the regional state of development demonstrates a more differentiated picture, the beneficiary of the change of regime are the capitals and the western regions its losers are the eastern border regions. The study analyses the position of Hungary within the Central-European space, then deals with the role of the regional policy, the appearance of the domestic resources and the network creation of the EU in the spatial development processes, the creation of the 7 planning-statistical regions. The regional differences of the economy of Hungary besides the predominance of the Budapest-Central Region show a west-(south)east slope (where the ratio of GDP/capital is 3:1) so the regional differences increased. This is particularly true concerning the 19 counties and 150 micro regions.
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Jörg Maier
Pages
26
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The change of the social structure has also caused a series of spatial modifications in the Czech Republic. The population of larger cities as Prague, Plzen and Bruenn has decreased in the last 10 years, although the population of municipalities in the surrounding areas has increased with process of suburbanisation. Until 1991 there was another development tendency, with clear growth of population in the larger cities and losses in the surrounding area of these cities. The cause for that reverse is the changed common idea for the private property, the increasing ground price in the cities. Different indicators, for example, standard of living and labour market, have been considered to clarify the changes of population structure and economy structure. The transformation process of the society brings regional differentiation and/or modification, and is also the possible determinants.
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Mitsuru YAMAMOTO
Pages
27
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Urban system in the Central Europe has changed under the progress of market economy in the former socialist countries. As large cities including capitals have gained investments and developed, suburbanization has developed and metropolitan areas has been formed. Capitals have become primate city within each country, and urban linkage in local area has emerged between former iron curtain. The integration of EU and globalization have connected cities in the former socialist countries to cities in the Western Europe. The improvement of transportation network and information network will accelerate these changes and enlarge the disparities between cities.
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Lidia Sasaki
Pages
28
Published: 2002
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The post-socialist transition process in Central & Eastern European countries has many common features: political, legislative and institutional reform, economic restructuring based on privatization, socio-demographic and cultural change. Throughout the region, land privatization was followed by dynamic land use changes during the past decade. In all these countries, major driving forces of recent land use changes can be identified as: reform of the farming sector; national agricultural policies, under the impact of gradual adjustment to the Common agricultural policy of the EU; urban decentralization and subsequent suburbanization, stimulated by penetration of foreign and private investment and private business initiative in all economic sectors; demographic and social polarization; increasing affluence and changing lifestyles; increasing role of local authorities in territorial planning.
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Kenichi Togawa
Pages
29
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This report analyzes characteristics of a Cycle Society, one of the key concepts of Japanese environmental policy. But when we discuss about Cycle Society, we have a tendency to neglect the width of the cycle or loop, so it is important to design the spatial management system of wastes and post consumer goods from the view point of economic geography.
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Tatsuya ITO
Pages
30
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Koichi Kimoto
Pages
31
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Reconsideration of public works began from the second half of the 1990s. Although it is a small number on the whole, for the region concerned, it is a matter of life or death. The construction of a regional image which keep “post” public works in mind is called for. However, such a trend is a thing “from a top”, no matter how promotion or opposition, the existing resident movement is not necessarily connected to a “new” one, as it is. I want to show some geographical points of argument from both theory and practice, by making into a case Chu-bu dam (Tottori Prefecture) and Yunotsu-town (Shimane Prefecture) at which public works stopped.
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Toshihisa Asano
Pages
32
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This is one of reports of the symposium on geographical approach to environmental problems. Though there are many approaches, the reporter makes researches on environmental movements. So this report is done from the viewpoint of the study on environmental movements. And the discussion is led by reporter’s personal experiences of field works. The question is whether the geographical approach to environmental movements is useful to solve the environmental problems or not.
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Kayoko Yamamoto
Pages
33
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Hiroshi Shimazu
Pages
34
Published: 2002
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Kamikochi is one of the most famous places with alpine landscape in Japan. Various constructions, which mainly aim to disaster prevention, destroy the nature systems in Kamikochi. The Research Group for Natural History in Kamikochi was founded to contribute to solve the nature conservation problems in Kamikochi. Although natural history is getting clear by the researches of the group, the proposals of the group, which aimed to stop the constructions or to change the ways for disaster prevention, do not have accepted. It is important to find the ways to combine the results of the researches with the nature conservation activities.
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Ryotaro Nakanishi
Pages
35
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Machiko TSUBAKI
Pages
36
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Akiko Sekido
Pages
37
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The purpose of this paper is to consider the path toward modernization taken by hot spring facilities in Gunma Prefecture during the early decades of the twentieth century. In order to track the development, the author analyzed several editions of Onsen Annai (Guidebook to Hot Springs), a reference book compiled by the Imperial Japanese Government Railways. The first edition of the guidebook was published in 1920; it was revised and reissued in 1927, 1931, and 1940. The research produced the following results. As the means of transportation improved, the number of the hot spring facilities in the prefecture listed in Onsen Annai increased. Due to improved connections with Tokyo, the 11 facilities listed for Gunma Prefecture in 1920 increased to 47 by 1940. The descriptions of the hot springs in the guidebook also evolved. Starting with the 1931 edition of Onsen Annai, descriptions included not only the traditional therapeutic benefits of hot springs, but also their recreational offerings; they were described as summer resorts, or ski resorts. The aim of visiting hot springs was shifting from medical purposes to the pursuit of leisure. It was during the pre-war decades that hot spring facilities modernized and transformed from outdoor baths and cheap boarding houses to modern, luxury resorts with interior baths.
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Toshio Kawasaki
Pages
38
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Kouji AMANO
Pages
39
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Norifumi Kawahara
Pages
40
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Mitsuharu Shinada
Pages
41
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Masafumi MIKI
Pages
42
Published: 2002
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Ken Okajima
Pages
43
Published: 2002
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Keiichi Kono
Pages
44
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Hiroshi Yamane
Pages
45
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This historico-geographical study aims at the clarification of regional formation processes in modern Japan, based on the framework of interdependence between human agency and social structure in the structuration theory by Giddens. The biographical approach by Pred, that is the good method to appreciate the practices of human agency, is applied to a case study of Nagasaki City in the modern period. As the result of this consideration, it is confirmed that the duality of structure and the duality of structure and agency appeared in the lifetime and personal-spatial history of the powerful figures in this city, who were merchant, banker and statesman etc..
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Kaoru Mitani
Pages
46
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Hideaki Kurishima
Pages
47
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Fujio Mizuoka
Pages
48
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Yoshinobu Ohsawa
Pages
49
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Noriko Ishiyama
Pages
50
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This presentation illustrates the attempts among US geographers to clarify various implications of the 9.11 event under the pressure to remain silent, while seeking both the intellectual and political contributions that can be made by geographers in Japan. Since the terrorist attacks of 9.11, the political climate in the US has got even more conservative. Accordingly, it has been extremely difficult for academics to criticize the federal foreign policy. However, scholars and students with progressive minds have initiated the anti-war movement on numerous campuses. The perspective of critical geography is particularly significant, when the 9.11 event has made it clear that the international inequity in the arena of political economy has been severe in the context of globalization
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