Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers

Tourism destinations in developed countries have experienced drastic changes in recent years. These changes can be summarized under the phenomena of ageing and declining populations, ever increasing globalization of tourism, diversification and specialization of tourism patterns and dissolution of fixed consumer types. Especially the latter two phenomena have led to a situation where specialized, small-scale forms of tourism coexist with traditional forms of mass tourism in the same destinations. Changes like this carry the danger of stagnation and decline for tourist destinations relying solely on mass tourism as described in Butler's resort life cycle, because their resources, facilities and services no longer sufficiently fulfill the needs of tourists.Tourist destinations in developed countries that grew through mass tourism since the 1960s now engage in reconstruction processes to avoid decline. It is therefore necessary to analyze strategies like protection and conservation of landscape and environment, specialization on certain products and tourists, repositioning through campaigns to change the image of destinations, cooperation between destinations to form tourist areas and evaluation systems for services and resources for their usefulness in avoiding decline. This paper examines the example of Hida Takayama to identify the changes tourist destinations experience in the process of reconstruction.

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The Survey of Land Use Trend, which has been conducted by each prefecture of Japan annually since 1980, issues a report containing the date of the reports of various items such as land transactions related with land-use trend. This paper analyzed the data sets on urban developments for 1980-2005 at national, district, prefecture and municipal leaves produced by the Institute based on the statistics included in the Survey report. The unique dataset revealed both macroscopic and microscopic views of the history of urban developments since 1980, as summarized below: 1. The number of the general housing estate development projects decreased during 1980-1988, increased during 1989-1995, and decree again during 1996-2005. 2. The number of the land readjustment projects showed the influence of the babble economy, but it also shows a time lag of about 4 or 5 years, according to the newly invented correlation-trend chart.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine effects and problems of the 'Grain for Green' project of China, which progressed halfway through the onset, from the viewpoints both of ecological recovery and of changes in land use as well as rural subsistence economy. The 'Grain for Green' project tries for ecological recovery of the upper reaches of the Huang-He and the Yangtze River, by prohibition of grazing and transformation of cultivated fields in steep slopes into afforested areas. This project aims at not only ecological recovery but also rural economic development, because improvement of peasant economy is regarded as a key for future sustainability of the forests. The authors used remote sensing analysis to examine the extent of ecological recovery after the onset of the project on the one hand, and conducted intensive field research in Beisongta Village, Ansai, Shanxi to investigate the extent of change of traditional land use and subsistence economy on the other hand. The result of remote sensing analysis showed marked recovery of land cover, that indicates the effect of afforestation and the prohibition of grazing. Though peasant subsistence economy were greatly affected by the prohibition of sheep and goats grazing and decrease of cultivated land, hothouse cultivation which started at the same time as the project, seems to make up for them so far.

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In late years interest of the society rises for utilization of the home system garbage which is the one of the unused existence machine resources. The discharge of garbage of home origin holds the half of the quantity of food waste outbreak, but the reuse of the home system garbage does not advance enough because an ingredient side has complexity, and discharge source is small quantity dispersion type. In such present conditions, the issue of dioxin issue of processing of the waste worsens the strain of the leftover the number of years of the increase and disposal ground of the waste, and exploitation of resources of the home system garbage attracts attention in many self-governing bodies. We perform the summary grasp of the composting business of study method Koga City by hearing to the existing document or city hall. We investigate grasp of the business operation situation and the extraction of the community characteristic by the result of questionary survey to inhabitants and the national census afterwards. Furthermore, We perform composting business diffusion rate and the correlation analysis with each item interval of statistics data according to the subregion that We calculated from a questionnaire to the inhabitants of the investigation area for. In addition, We investigate a spread / disincentive by questionary survey to the Chairperson local self-government of the high diffusion rate / low diffusion rate of the business. On the basis of these results, We consider a disincentive and the refinement of the garbage composting business spread, and the garbage composting business of Koka City elucidates a suitable local condition. As for the garbage composting business of result / consideration Koka City, participation rate was high in the household where inhabitants more than it started garbage for 50 generations when it seemed that there was it of the experience that made good use of natural compost before the high economic period of growth. Because business participation rate stopped so as to be low if the ratio of inhabitants under 15 years old was low, rather than a new residential area by Xinxing houses, We were suitable for the areas that there was for a long time such as the agriculture villages from handed-down convention. Or the reason to need a lot of looking after to a child thinks that a big family may be suitable for many areas because a human being to see the trouble of the child does not have any problem if. In addition, the presence of a place raising a plant about the residence environment seems to have nothing to do with diffusion rate because relations were not seen to composting business participation rate whether it is farm village region whether it is a city area. We think that composting business participation rate stops if We work hard to increase numbers of the accumulation place that installed a garbage collection container in the near position in the house because it became clear that business participation rate stops so as to be near if distance of the accumulation place is near to a house. We can change the setting of the accumulation place regardless of a community characteristic. The spread of composting businesses by the numerical increase of the accumulation place is expected.

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