In this paper, the potential for the establishment of Producer's Organizations under the EU Reform of the Common Market Organization in the Fruit and Vegetable sector was reviewed. Based on interviews with Producer's Organizations and individual sellers dealing with citrus in Valencia, Spain, it was confirmed that Producer's Organizations have a number of problems, which can be arranged in three-point problem. The first point is that by moving to a single payment system for processing the citrus subsidy system, the Producer's Organizations no longer has benefits. Secondly, with the expansion of business with large retailers, Producer's Organizations's marketing costs, which rise in response to various packages, has clearly increased. Third, the establishment of Producer's Organizations requires capital investment such that their member producers partially pay; thus, many producers prefer sales to individual sellers who does not require it.

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Recently, the number of farmers' markets has increased. A problem of farmers' markets, however, is the daily mismatch of supply and demand. In this paper, we analyzed time series variation factors regarding quantity demanded in the farmers' market using a case study of POS data. The technical analysis showed, first, that sellouts of several items don't influence the sales on the day in the farmers' market. Second, holiday's sales are three or four times as much as weekday's sales. Third, quantity of demand was influenced by daily weather, meaning that the quantity of daily demand changed greatly and irregularly. Therefore, a combination of two or more markets is necessary. Moreover, the quantity of demand was strongly influenced by gasoline prices as well as by the price index and economic trends. On the other hand, it is suggested that seasonal variation of demanded quantity tends to increase in the public favorable season for one day leisure and popular items. Furthermore, seasonal merchandise items are influenced strongly in opening term, after which influence gradually weakens. Therefore, promotion of popular items becomes takes on great importance in the farmers' market.

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This paper considered the characteristics and the problems of marine use rights in China, examining in particular, dealings of marine use rights and mechanisms related to pricing. The paper identifies the following issues and problems regarding marine use rights. First, the formation processes of market goods based on marine use rights. Second, dealings based on marine use rights and determination of prices under auction or bid conditions. Third, the allocation system of marine use rights, with regard to the first class marine market and the second class marine market. Fourth, the characteristics of marine use rights. And lastly, the problems of the current marine use rights system.

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[in Japanese]

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This paper examines the present conditions regarding a rice traceability system established by JA Zen-Noh Kyoto and clarifies the activities for respective stages in the food chain and the significance thereof. The first feature concerns inspection by the Japan Grain Inspection Association, which makes contributions to guarantee reliability of information related to traceability. The second feature is that JA Zen-Noh Kyoto operates an electronic information system with five JA and two wholesalers in Kyoto, in order to furnish relevant information regarding product history to consumers. Cooperation with wholesalers is also meaningful in terms of ensuring chain traceability. However, problems remain, particularly in ensuring chain traceability and the reliability of information. Therefore, we conclude that the rice traceability systems that have been built by Japan Agricultural Cooperatives leave room for improvement.

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Dramatic changes have been seen in the lifestyles of Chinese urban inhabitants with the recent rapid economic development. Demand for green tourism is showing a surge among inhabitants that have become wealthy. On the other hand, it is the response to the farm village development and industrialization measures necessary for the green tourism demand of city inhabitants along with a movement to make possible the 'New Farm Village,' which has kept the interaction between urban and farm village life active. This study aims to describe a new wave of farm village promotion taking place mainly on Guest Farms in Sichuan in China and it's influence on the farm village economy and the farmhouse economy.

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This paper clarified the problems and correspondences of strategy and brand strategy regarding the beef of dairy steer cattle. Display of brand information in retail stores was found to be influenced by following reasons. First, because customers do not buy expensive beef when retail stores display brand information on the beef of dairy steer cattle, they do not display it. Second, the major general merchandising stores sell multiple brands of beef. Therefore, such stores display a private brand of the own company while not displaying each producing district brands. Third, the producers of the producing district are selling their beef brand in a full set. The retail store has trouble processing the leftover goods, meaning that some parts remain unsold. With respect to these problems, five measures are identified. First, the producers must wholesale the beef to the retail store in a manner to yield a customer evaluation as reliable and safe. Second, in order to increase the meat consumption of a district, a producer group should expand the function of meat processing and wholesaling. Third, producers should register their trademark and make agreement on that basis. Fourth, producer should participate in sales promotion activities in retail stores as well as providing production information to consumers and collecting consumption information and undertaking more active brand management.

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