The occurence and distribution of flavonoid glycosides in young leaves and young and mature fruits of many citrus species and trifoliate orange were investigated. The occurrence of neohesperidin in both young leaves and young fruits is fairly common to a number of species in subgenus Archicitrus. Ripe fruits of citrus could be classified into (a) the hesperidin group (b) the neohesperidin group (c) the naringin group and (d) the isonaringin group. A new flavanone glycoside, isonaringin, isolated from young fruits of Jagatarayu and Teng mikan is slightly bitter and has been determined by chemical and spectral evidences to have the structure of naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside. Data showing the occurence of flavanone glycosides in some artificial citrus hybrids were also given.

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Antiviral activity of geodin obtained from a soil fungus was studied employing the Newcastle disease virus-chick embryo fibroblasts culture system. In a plate assay method, the minimum inhibitory concentration was about 9μg/ml and cytotoxicity was detected at 36μg/ml. Hemagglutinin synthesis was completely suppressed in a tube assay method when 4μg/ml of geodin was added after the infection (50 plaque forming units/cell), but at this concentration cytotoxic effect of the antibiotic was observed. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, a dose response was shown in the yield of hemagglutinin and infective virus at 16hr after the infection, and at this time cytopathic effect was partially or completely arrested depending on the antibiotic concentrations even when complete inhibition of hemagglutinin synthesis was not observed. Geodin did not have any effect on the activity of free virus particles and their adsorption to host cells. The inhibition site of geodin exists somewhere between viral adsorption and viral maturation.

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Sixty three organisms selected from 12 genera of bacteria were subjected to numerical analysis. The purpose of this work is to examine the relationships among 38 coryneform bacteria included in the test organisms by two coding methods-Sneath's and Lockhart's systems-, and to compare the results with conventional classification. In both cases of codification, five groups and one or two single item (s) were found in the resultant classifications. Different codings brought, however, a few distinct differences in some groups, especially in a group of sporogenic bacilli or lactic-acid bacteria. So far as the present work concerns, the result obtained on Lockhart's coding rather than that obtained on Sneath's coding resembled the conventional classification. The taxonomic positions of corynebacteria were quite different from those of the conventional classification, regardless of which coding method was applied.
Though animal corynebacteria have conventionally been considered to occupy the taxonomic position neighboring to genera Arthrobacter and Cellulomonas and regarded to be the nucleus of so-called “coryneform bacteria, ” the present work showed that many of the corynebacteria are akin to certain mycobacteria rather than to the organisms belonging to the above two genera.

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Starches of potato, wheat, corn and rice were pasted in aqueous sodium hydroxide at room temperature, and the pasting behaviour was examined in relation to the concentration of the alkali. Two types of micellar structures were recognized in starch granules. One of them is the weak micells dissociable by the alkali above a definite critical concentration, and the other is the stable ones which bind amylopectin molecules with each other to hold the granular structure of starches even in the alkaline paste.
The nature of the alkaline thin paste of starches is essentially determined by the quantity and the distribution of the stable micells in the starch granules in respect to the turbidity, swelling capacity and viscosity through the properties of the swollen granules of the starches. However, the weak micells are considered to be merely a factor affecting the critical concentration of the alkali for the pasting.

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Sulfur-containing amino acids (L-cysteine, L-cystine and DL-methionine) were pyrolyzed. From pyrolyzed cysteine and cystine were identified 7_??_8 volatile compounds including 2-methylthiazolidine which is considered to be the product of the reaction of acetaldehyde with mercaptethylamine, and from pyrolyzed methionine were identified II volatiles. At the same time, besides these volatile compounds, alanine, cystine and isoleucine, and alanine, isoleucine and methionine were detected in the pyrolyzed products of cysteine and cystine, respectively, but no amino acid was detected from that of methionine. The mixture of seven identified volatiles generated from L-cystine developed a pop-corn like aroma with a roasted sesame like one, and methylmercaptane seemed to be the main contributor to the pickled radish like odor produced from pyrolysis of DL-methionine. Degradation schemes of cystine and methionine were proposed.

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L-Threonine producing α-amino-β-hydroxyvaleric acid resistant mutants were derived from E. coli K-12 with 3×10^-5 frequency. One of mutants, strain β-101, accummulatedmaximum amount of L-threonine (1.9g/liter) in medium. Among isoleucine, methionineand lysine auxotrophs derived from E. coli K-12, only methionine auxotrophs produced L-threonine. In contrast, among isoleucine, methionine and lysine auxotrophs derived from β-101, L-threonine accumulation was generally enhanced in isoleucine auxotrophs. One of isoleucine auxotrophs, strain βI-67, produced maximum amount of L-threonine (4.7g/liter). Methionine auxotroph, βM-7, derived from β-101 produced 3.8 g/liter, and βIM-4, methionine auxotroph derived from βI-67, produced 6. 1g/liter, when it was cultured in 3% glucose medium supplemented with 100μg/ml of L-isoleucine and L-methionine, respectively. These L-threonine productivities of E. coli mutants were discussed with respect to the re-gulatory mechanisms of threonine biosynthesis. A favourable fermentation medium for L-threonine production by E. coli mutants was established by using strain βIM-4.

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In order to determine if the growth retardation by dietary exceess glycine could be prevented by the addition of arginine and/or methionine, weanling rats were fed a 25% casein diet (standard) or a 10% casein diet (low protein diet) with a supplement of several combinations of glycine, arginine, or methionine.
The changes in body weight, urinary creatinine, and kidney transamidinase activitywere determined. The growth depression effect by excess glycine was prevented considerably in animals receiving standard diet and completely in animals receiving low protein diet by the addition of arginine and methionine to the high glycine diets.
The total urinary creatinine was increased by the supplement of both glycine andarginine, while the growth rate was not invariably raised and kidney transamidinase activity had a tendency to decrease.

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Triggering of glutamate excretion by penicillin is thought to occur by increasing cell permeability. It seemed odd that glucose-grown resting cells, after penicillin treatment, would not convert citrate to extracellular glutamate especially since citrate had been reported to be a substrate for the glutamate fermentation. Citrate was not even taken up by such cells. Upon addition of at least 2 percent glucose, citrate was converted to extra-cellular glutamate. Both glucose and citrate were used simultaneously and citrate metabolism continued even after sugar was exhausted. It was suspected that glucose was required as energy source for induction of a citrate-transport system. Resting cells pregrown in glucose plus citrate, were indeed found to take up citrate and convert it to extracellular glutamate even in the absence of sugar. In line with the induction hypothesis, chloramphenicol inhibited the metabolism of citrate by glucose-grown resting cells but had no such effect on the citrate-adapted cells. The antibiotic did not inhibit glucose utilization by citrate-adapted or unadapted resting cells.

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X-Ray analyses of the complexes of amylose with various organic compounds were carried out. Only two kinds of diffraction patterns were observed in the dried state. The first one corresponds to the helix of amylose consisting of six glucose residues per helical turn (6₁-helix) and the second to that consisting of seven glucose residues (7₁-helix). The 7₁-helix was obtained with a relatively wide range of the size of the complexing agents, 4.5_??_6.0Å in diameter of cross section. Mutual transitions between both helices were made possible by displacing the contained agent with one of the other kinds. During the transition courses, the helix with a fractional number of glucose residues could not be seen. It is, hence, infered that the helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between individual helical loops. The diffraction patterns of cyclodextrin complexes were also examined. Under suitable conditions α- and β-dextrins can produce complexes having analogous crystalline structures of 6₁-helix and 7₁-helix amyloses, respectively. This is confirmatory evidence for the helical structure of amylose.

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Incorporation of the radioactive degradation products of kanamycin A or related metabolites into kanamycin A by growing cells of Streptomyces kanamyceticus was examined. ³H-Deoxystreptamine was incorporated into deoxystreptamine moiety of kanamycin, but neither ¹⁴C-3-amino-3-deoxy-D-glucose nor ¹⁴C-6-amino-6-deoxy-D-glucose was incorporated. ³H-Kanamycin A added to medium was modified and inactivated.

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Diacetyl-trans-aminodeoxybenzeneglycol (trans-1-acetamido-2-acetoxy-cyclohexadiene-3, 5) was synthesized by starting from α-B. T. C.-cis-diol²⁾ through its dehydrochlorination, NaN₃ treatment, reduction, and then dehalogenation with zinc. During NaN₃ treatment, the formation of some diazido compounds was also observed.

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The kinetics of decomposition of the 3-substituted-phenyl-1-nitroso-1-methylureas was studied under a certain pH and various temperatures. It was observed that the rate of decomposition is first order in concentration of the nitroso compound under the constant pH and that the more the electron withdrawal of the ring substituent, the larger is the rate of decomposition. From the temperature dependence of the rate, the apparent enthalpy and entropy of activation were determined. The sequence of the rate of decomposition of this series of compounds was found to be governed largely by the variation of the entropy rather than that of the enthalpy of activation.

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Previous works showed that, in IMP fermentation with Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, surplus Mn²⁺ induced excessive growth and marked suppression of IMP accumulation. Practical disadvantage encountered in the use of media rich in Mn²⁺ could be well overcome by the addition, to the fermentation at a certain time, of some effective antibiotics and cationic surface active agents. Most effective antibiotics were streptomycin, mitomycin C, cycloserine and penicillin G. Among cationic surfactants, polyoxyethylenestearylamine (POESA), hydroxy-ethyl-glyoxaline derivative, cetylpyridiniumchloride and alkyldimethyl-benzylammoniumchloride were most effective and superior to the antibiotics. Significant differences were noted between antibiotics and surfactants in their addition time and morphological alterations caused. R5P and two enzymes, 5-phosphoribose pyrophosphokinase (EC2.7.6.1) and IMP pyrophosphorylase (EC2.4.2.8) were leaked out of cells by the addition of POESA to Br. ammoniagenes grown on Mn²⁺ excessive media.

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The syntheses of several 6-chloro-2-(N, N-disubstituted carboxamidomethylthio)-3-aryl (or alkyl)-4(3H) quinazolones and 6-chloro-2-p-xylylthio-3-aryl (or alkyl)-4 (3H) quinazolones have been reported. Some of these compounds were tested for various microbiological activities.

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