Streptomyces species H-402 and 1829 possessing high lytic activities against cariogenic streptococci which induce dental plaque and caries, were isolated by the screening from soils and sewers. They were identified as Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces globisporus respectively. The former strain produced lytic enzyme accompanying spore formation during the surface culture, while the latter strain revealed a high activity in the submerged culture. These enzymes had wide substrate specificity against all groups of cariogenic streptococci. The lytic enzymes may be expected as an useful medicament for the prevention of dental caries.

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The polar lipid material which contains most of unsaponifiable matter of milk fat was collected by means of neutral alumina column chromatography. After saponification of the polar lipid material, the unsaponifiable matter was purified by repeated Florisil and neutral alumina column chromatography and the total tocopherol fraction was obtained. It was found that the total tocopherol fraction isolated from milk fat contained 6 of the known naturally occurring tocopherols, that is, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and α- and γ-tocotrienols. These were identified by two-dimensional thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography before and after hydrogenation.

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Circular dichroism of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of seven aldonic acid-γ-lactones were studied. As well as original sugar-γ-lactones the sign of the Cotton effect was determined by the C-2 configuration. The magnitude of CD peak was found to be related with the ring geometry. It leads to a conclusion that the observed molecular elipticities may be the sum of two effects; one effect of configuration at C-2 and the other effect of ring geometry. If these two effects are of the same sign, they overlap each other and give a strong CD peak. When the sign of these effects are opposite, they cancel each other and hence give a weak CD peak. Between the two effects, when C-2 Substituent is OH or OTMS, the effect of configuration at C-2 is stronger than that of ring geometry.

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Large White male turkeys were sacrificed at 4-week intervals from 4 to 28 weeks of age to study the fatty acid distribution in lipid of breast and thigh muscles. A total of 70 turkeys were sampled for this experiment.
Fatty acid distribution varied with advancing maturity and between muscle types. The most abundant fatty acids in the tissues were those with carbon chain lengths of 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:4 and 24:0. Thigh muscle contained significantly more linoleate (18:2) than did breast. Larger proportions of pentadecanoic (15:0), arachidonic (20:4) and lignoceric (24:0), however, appeared in breast. Indications of minor fatty acids appeared on the chromatograms, but their low concentrations made their estimation and identification difficult.

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The extent of activation of myofibrillar ATPase activity by trypsin treatment has been measured.
When myofibril (5mg/ml) was treated with a low concentration of trypsin (2.5μg/ml), the Mg-modified ATPase activity of myofibrils at a low ionic strength increased appreciably, while the EDTA-enhanced ATPase activity of myofibrils at a high ionic strength did not change with the progress of trypsin digestion.
The dependence of myofibrillar ATPase activity on KCl concentration also became greater with the progress of trypsin digestion.
Trypsin treatment caused 5-fold increase in the Mg-modified ATPase activity of 0-myofibril, when treated with trypsin in a ratio of 1 to 2000 myofibril for 80min. Under the same condition, the ATPase activity of 1-myofibril increased by about 150%, whereas that of 8-myofibril increased by approximately 50%.
When myofibrils were treated with trypsin in a ratio of 1 to 200 myofibril, the Mg-ATPase activity of 8-myofibril decreased earlier than that of 1-myofibril did by about 20min.
Experimental results obtained in this study were enough to confirm that the myofibrils from the aged muscle are more susceptible to tryptic action.
An assumption was made that the structural alteration of myofibrils during aging might be attributed to the change in thin filament of myofibrils, including Z-lines, which are mainly due to the change in the native tropomyosin of thin filaments.

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Some chemical and physicochemical properties of the purified phytase preparation produced by Asp. terreus were investigated. From the results of the examination of amino acid analysis, it was suggested that there existed some components other than amino acids in the purified enzyme. Examination of the neutral sugar analysis, therefore, was made by gaschromatography, and it was found that the purified enzyme preparation contained mannose, galactose and a small amount of inositol.
The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 214, 000 by the Archibald method, and 2.2_??_2.3×10⁵ by gel-filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column. It was found that by guanidine hydrochloride or by urea, the purified enzyme preparation was dissociated into only one kind of subunit. The native enzyme was supposed to be a homohexamer of the subunits whose molecular weight is 37, 000.

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Citrate transport-enhancing factors were isolated from cell surface of Aerobacter cloacae by means of cold osmotic shock, Diaflo Membrane filtration and silicic acid column chromatography. One of the factors was crystallized from aqeuous ethanol and some chemical and physical properties were studied. These factors can promote the utilization of citrate and lead to better growth of the bacteria which cannot utilize citrate as a sole source of carbon, such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium equi.

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The “citrate transport-enhancing factor” obtained from Aerobacter cloacae did stimulate uptake of radioactive citrate by Escherichia coli, having an intrinsic barrier against citrate permeation. In order to prove function of the factor in the cells of Aerobacter, citrate transportnegative mutants of A. cloacae were isolated. These mutants were found to be lacking in the factor. Addition of the factor to these mutants resulted in stimulation of uptake of citrate. These results evidenced that the factor played an essential role in the citrate transport system of A. cloacae.

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A bacterium which belongs to Achromobacter sp. was isolated and named as Achromobacter mucosum nov. sp. Starch and dextrin were essential carbon sources to produce a polysaccharide effectively by the bacterium. Maltotriose was as effective as starch for the production of the polysaccharide, and glucose, maltose, isomaltose and panose were little effective. This indicates that the bacterium requires a definite configuration of carbon source to produce the polysaccharide effectively. The dry powder of the polysaccharide was prepared from 10 liters of broth in the yield of 34.9g. Glucose, galactose, mannose and uronic acid were confirmed as the constituent sugars of the polysaccharide and it was most probable that the uronic acid was D-glucuronic acid.

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1. Corynebacterium simplex ATCC 6946 grown on a n-alkane mixture (C₁₄-C₁₆) contained 13% of total lipids, which composed of approximately equal quantities of neutral lipids and compound lipids. Phospholipids, corresponding to about 60%, of compound lipids, comprised phosphatidylinositol mannoside and cardiolipin as the major components, and phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine as the minor components.
2. When this bacterium was cultivated on n-octadecane in the presence of cobaltous ion, a large amount of tuberculostearic acid (10-methylstearic acid) was synthesized, which was exclusively localized in phosphatidylinositol mannoside and was not detected in neutral lipids.

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The utilization of 1-alkenes by Corynebacterium simplex ATCC 6946 was studied with respect to the characteristic fatty acid profiles resulting from the growth at the expense of these substrates.
It was indicated that the synthetic pathways of the cellular fatty acids in Corynebact. simplex grown on various n-alkanes or 1-alkenes changed markedly according to the chain lengths of the substrates. From shorter chain hydrocarbons (C₁₂, C₁₄) the fatty acids were found to be synthesized mainly via de novo synthesis pathway in a similar manner to those from glucose, while chain elongation and intact incorporation occurred to a very small extent. On the other hand, an intact incorporation mechanism was preferential in the cells grown on longer ones (C₁₆, C₁₈). When n-pentadecane or 1-pentadecene was used as the substrate, these three mechanisms seemed to operate simultaneously.

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The effect of cathepsin D and pepsin treatment on rabbit myofibril was studied by measuring the amount of proteolytic products and Mg-enhanced ATPase activity.
When myofibril was treated with cathepsin D at 3°C and pH 5.0 or 5.5, a little but detectable amount of nonprotein nitrogenous compounds was released. However, there was no change in ATPase activity of myofibril, though treated with cathepsin D of higher units than assumed to be in muscle.
When myofibril was treated with pepsin under the same condition as used above, there was an increase in KCI-concentration dependence of ATPase activity followed by a decrease in the maximal value of ATPase activity.
From the present results, it was concluded that cathepsin D might not take a main role on the post-mortem degradation of myofibril.

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Some experiments were carried out with purified neutral proteinases I and II of Aspergillus sojae in relation to their characteristics as metalloenzyme.
The both enzymes contained one gram atom of zinc and about two gram atoms of calcium per mole (molecular weights of 41, 700 for I and 19, 800 for II were estimated by gel filtration) of enzyme protein, and the zinc was essential for the activity. Some metal-chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), o-phenanthroline, 8-hydroxyquinoline and α, α'-dipyridyl, inhibited the activity of the both enzymes. In the inactivation of neutral proteinase II by EDTA a distinct pH-dependency was observed. The EDTA-inactivated enzymes were reactivated fully or partially by the addition of some metal ions such as Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺ (only neutral proteinase II) and Ni²⁺. Zinc-free apo-enzymes were prepared from the native enzymes by the dialysis against EDTA solution. The apo-enzyme of neutral proteinase I still contained calcium, while that of neutral proteinase II did not. The apo-enzymes restored their activity for the most part either by the addition of excess amount of zinc or by mixing with a stoichiometric amount of zinc in the presence of calcium at an alkaline condition.

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1-O-Glucosyl esters of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyaeetic acid (2, 4-D) were easily prepared from 4, 6-O-benzylideneglucose. The configuration of 1-O-ester linkage was affected by pH at the end of the reaction, that is, β-type was a major product at a neutral or acidic condition and α-type at an alkaline condition. Both of the anomers showed the same biological activities as sodium salt of 2, 4-D.

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It was found that fructose 1, 6-diphosphate, the main intermediate of glycolysis, was able to act as a coenzyme of yeast phosphoglucomutase reaction. The mechanism of the coenzymatic activity of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate was studied. It was indicated in the fructose 1, 6diphosphate dependent reaction that glucose 1, 6-diphosphate was formed by the phosphatetransfer of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate to glucose 1-phosphate in the first step, and in the second step the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate, the original mutase reaction, occurred in the presence of glucose 1, 6-diphosphate. The kinetic constants in the reaction of the first step were determined from the time courses of the fructose 1, 6-diphosphate dependent reaction.

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Comparative studies of bovine milk protease and bovine plasmin were performed. It was found that milk protease was very similar to plasmin in various properties such as optimum pH, pH-stability, heat-stability, inhibition by various inhibitors and molecular weight. The changes of casein by both enzymes as observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were also quite similar. From these results, it is suggested that milk protease may be plasmin itself transported from bovine plasma.

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Relationship between structure and physiological activity of some carbostyril compounds was investigated. It revealed the followings; Though carbostyril itself has no physiological activity, 3-hydroxycarbostyril derivatives all have an antimicrobial activity, and methylation or carboxymethylation of the hydroxyl group causes loss of the activity. While, these 3-methoxy- or 3-carboxymethyleneoxy-carbostyril compounds display a remarkable promoting effect on the root growth of young plants, and phenyl group substituted at 4-position further enhances such activity. On the other hand, methylation of _??_NH group in carbostyril compounds not only lowers the antimicrobial activity, but almost completely abolishes the plant growth activity.
Mode of action of carbostyril compounds on plant growth resembled that of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, an antiauxin, and indole-3-acetic acid-induced lamina inclination in rice explants was inhibited by carbostyril compounds.

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To study the influence of culture conditions on higher plant cells in suspension culture, the effects of antibiotics and physical factors, i.e. pH, temperature, shaking conditions and light, on the growth of suspended cells were investigated using three different callus cells; Populus hybrids (P. maximowiczii×P. nigra), N. glutinosa and N. tabacum var. xanthi ova. Of the conditions tested, red light as the light source, 32°C as the temperature, 7.5 as the initial pH value of the medium and 90reci/min as the reciprocations of the shaker were the most favourable conditions for cell growth. In addition, the influence of various antibiotics was investigated. Of the antibiotics tested, penicillin, oleandomycin, cephaloridin and oxytetracycline did not inhibit cell growth and blasticidin-S was most toxic to all cultures.

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UDP (2)-fructose was synthesized from D-fructofuranose-2-phosphate by the method of Khorana et al. The product thus obtained showed slightly higher paper chromatographic mobilities than those of UDP-glucose and UDP (1)-fructose, and a large negative optical rotation. In acid hydrolysis, this substance was quickly converted into UDP (1)-fructose and then the latter is hydrolyzed to UMP and fructose-1-phosphate. The rate constant of this first step is far larger than the acid hydrolysis rate constant of natural UDP-fructose isolated from the tubers of Jerusalem artichoke. When treated with the snake venom nucleotide pyrophosphatase, UDP (2)-fructose was splitted into UMP and _??_ substance having the same paper chromatographic mobility as that of fructofuranose-2-phosphate. From these results and those reported previously, the structure of the synthetic product may be UDP (2)-β-D-fructofuranose. It was argued that the natural UDP-fructose may be UDP (2)-α-D-fructofuranose.

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Lipid materials extracted by chloroform-methanol from solvent and acid treated cells of Selenomonas ruminantium grown with ¹⁴C-valerate were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. At least 12 radioactive lipid materials were present in the extract. The major compound, designated as spot A, carried approximately 70% of radioactivity of this fraction. The spot A compound was purified by column and thin-layer chromatography and its chemical structure was studied. The basic structural unit of this material was tentatively identified as β-glucosaminyl-1, 6-glucosamine with O-acyl and amide linked fatty acids.

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Determination of the optical isomers of insecticidal pyrethroids was carried out by gasliquid chromatography. Chrysanthemic acid, which was obtained during hydrolysis of the corresponding pyrethroids, was esterified with d- or l-2-octanol and the diastereoisomer ester derivatives were resolved on a column of Chromosorb W coated with 10% QF-1. All four isomers, d-trans, l-trans, d-cis and l-cis chrysanthemic acids, could be separated. These compounds were not isomerized during hydrolysis, esterification or gasliquid chromatographic operations and their proportions were accurately determined from their peak area ratios.

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Several 4-thiazolone derivatives were synthesized by condensation of appropriate aryl cyanide and ethyl thioglycolate (or derivative), and factors affecting to the reaction rate are discussed. Keto-enol tautomerization of the 4-thiazolones is briefly discussed.

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Corynebacterium sp. KY 4339, when grown on n-paraffin (a mixture of C-12 to C-14 fractions) as the sole carbon source, produced three kinds of antibacterial compounds which were tentatively named Corynecins. These compounds were isolated by the extraction from the culture broth with ethyl acetate and by the chromatographies on silicic acid and alumina columns. Each component demonstrated some similarity to chloramphenicol on thin-layer chromatogram. Although their biological activities were not so remarkably as that of chloramphenicol, the patterns of antibacterial spectra against gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria resembled to it.
For the production of corynecins, n-paraffin was a preferable carbon source. By controlling the pH of the medium in the neutral range and keeping the aeration at a high level during the fermentation, approximately 3g of corynecins per liter of the medium were produced after 72-hr incubation.

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Corynebacterium sp. produced antibacterial substances (corynecins) when a n-paraffin mixture was used as the sole carbon sourse. Structures of the substances were determined as acyl derivatives of D-(-)-threo-1-p-nitrophenyl-2-amino-1, 3-propanediol (free base of chloramphenicol).

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