Three different treatments were tested for their effectiveness in removing alkaloids, and producing protein products suitable for human consumption from Lupinus albus seeds. The treatments included: a) water leaching of the seeds, b) ammonium salt treatment of the seeds, and c) multistage extraction of the defatted meal.
Results revealed that treatments a) and c) were highly effective in the removal of alkaloids. Protein contents of the resulting three products were about 62, 47 and 58%, respectively, compared to 39% in the seed. Amino acid analysis showed that the protein preparations lack sulphur amino acids, lysine, tryptophan and valine.

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A novel yeast KY-5 was isolated from Danish Kefir grains grown in skimmed milk and identified as Torulopsis holmii by the morphological, physiological and chemical method with analyses of its electrophoresis, coenzyme Q system and DNA base composition. Glucose, galactose, mannose and sucrose were fermented by the yeast, but lactose was not fermented. An inductive period was not required for galactose fermentation, even though the yeast was cultivated in a glucose medium. On the other hand, an inductive period was necessary for fructose fermentation. The yeast preferentially metabolized galactose in a glucose and galactose mixed medium. According to Warburg respirometric analyses of the intact cell, protoplast cell and cell free extract of the yeast, the remarkable sugar utilization might be dependent on constituent enzymes involved in the sugar intake and metabolism. The enzymes seemed to be quite different from those of usual yeasts.

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Torulopsis holmii KY-5 isolated from Kefir grain had in its constitution two kinds of hexose phosphorylating enzymes: glucokinase and galactokinase, and also had inducible hexokinase induced only by fructose.
Unless the hexokinase was induced in the yeast, the galactokinase activity was about 5-9 times as much as glucokinase activity, and therefore this resulted in the preferential utility of galactose over glucose.
The induction of hexokinase by fructose was suggested by the inhibitory effects of 2-deoxyglucose for the growth of fructose-grown cells. The hexokinase induction by fructose was also confirmed chromatographically and electrophoretically.

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In these present experiments, rats were fed a low casein, vitamin E and selenium deficient diet and were killed at various time intervals up to the occurrence of massive liver necrosis. Liver malondialdehyde, and liver and serum vitamin E levels were analyzed simultaneously with a pathological investigation of the features of the liver and measurement of serum GOT and GPT activities. These investigations were also performed on control rats given a high casein, vitamin E defincient diet or a low casein, vitamin E supplemented diet.
The results show that the liver malondialdehyde level was not increased concomitant with the decrease in liver and serum vitamin E level nor with the occurrence of massive liver necrosis. Liver cells of the rats fed on the low casein, vitamin E deficient diet showed swelling of the cytoplasm at the initial stage, and progressive centrilobular lipid deposition was observed by Sudan III stain.

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The chemical structures of amicoumacin A, B and C, which are produced by Bacillus pumilus BN-103, were elucidated on the basis of mass, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectral analyses and chemical degradation. Amicoumacin A was derived from amicoumacin B via amicoumacin C.

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Seven positional isomers (Δ^5M-Δ¹¹) of dodecenyl acetate were analyzed, without any prior chemical modifications by combined gas-liquid chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. The position of the double bonds in the alkenes could be located by the relative intensities of the predominant fragment ions, depending upon whether or not the value of the ratio was over unity.

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For the purpose of producing pyruvic acid from 1, 2-propanediol (PD), three PD-utilizing and thiamin-requiring microorganisms were isolated from soil. All the isolated strains were found to be pyruvic acid producers. Among them, strain 80-M was the best producer and was identified as an Acinetobacter sp. With this bacterium, the conditions were optimized for pyruvic acid production from PD by two methods: growing cell and resting cell methods. The amount of thiamin added to the medium remarkably affected the pyruvic acid production using either method. Under optimal conditions, 14.6 and 10.0 mg/ml of pyruvate as a sodium salt were produced from 20mg/ml of PD by the growing and resting cell methods, respectively. In the resting cell system, only PD-grown cells showed a significant pyruvate productivity from PD.

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Infected leaves of the noxious weed johnsongrass were collected in a field with a view to the isolation of toxigenic phytopathogens. Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard et Suggs [≡Drechslera turcica (Pass.) Subramanian et Jain] was isolated from leaf lesions and grown in a liquid culture to yield the known fungal metabolite monocerin (1). This compound was shown to possess (non-specific) phytotoxic activity. Monocerin inhibited seedling growth both of Johnsongrass and, to a lesser extent, cucumber. The phytotoxic nature of this compound has not been described previously. Its activity against leaf tissue of two other species, from different plant families, was also demonstrated.

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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, trans-cinaamate 4-monooxygenase, and capsaicinoid synthetase [Agric. Biol. Chem., 44, 2907 (1980)] activities were investigated in the subcellular fractions from protoplasts of placenta of Capsicum fruits. The subcellular distribution of intermediates of the capsaicinoid biosynthesis, trans-cinnamic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid, and capsaicinoid were also investigated. The activity of trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase and capsaicinoid synthetase was in the vacuole fraction. While the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was in the cytosol fraction. After feeding L-[U-¹⁴C]phenylalanine to the protoplast, the newly synthesized trans-p-coumaric acid and capsaicinoid were found in the vacuole fraction, while trans-cinnamic acid was not in the vacuole fraction. The possible role of the vacuole on the biosynthesis of capsaicinoid is also discussed.

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1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole derivatives having a partial structure of 2-ethylsulfonyl-7-methyl-5H-1, 3, 4-thiadiazolo[3, 2-α]pyrimidin-5-one (TPSO₂-2) were synthesized, and their chemical reactivities and biological activities were investigated. TPSO₂-2 readily reacted with SH compounds and showed a high inhibitory effect against "SH enzyme, " but 2-acetylamino-5-ethylsulfonyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (AEST), a TPSO₂-2 analog without a pyrimidine structure, did not react with those compounds and showed a smaller inhibitory effect against the enzyme. Furthermore, TPSO₂-2 showed a strong anti-yeast activity, while AEST did not. It is presumed that not only the electron-withdrawing sulfonyl group at the 2-position but also the pseudopurine skeleton appear to be responsible for revealing the biological and chemical activities of TPSO₂-2.

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A screening test was carried out for the purpose of isolating a microorganism which produced a specific proteinase inhibitor for mold metallo-proteinase. A potent strain identified as Streptomyces rishiriensis was isolated, and this inhibitor was named fungal metallo-proteinase inhibitor (FMPI). The strain was aerobically cultured at 25°C for 26-30hr in shaking flasks with a medium consisting of 1% meat extract, 1% polypepton and 0.3% NaCl (about 100 mg/liter). FMPI showed execellent inhibitory activity against the metallo-proteinase of Aspergillus oryzae, and moderate activity against other microbials. FMPI has a low molecular weight and is stable only at alkaline region (pH>11).

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The homogenate of tea seed cotyledons contained an inhibitor for C₆-aldehyde formation from linoleic acid and linolenic acid by isolated tea chloroplasts. Seed homogenates of other plants, such as soybean, kidney bean, cucumber, Japanese radish and rice, also contained the inhibitor for C₆-aldehyde formation. The inhibitor from tea seed and cucumber seed inhibited C₆-aldehyde formation by the homogenate of cucumber hypocotyl. Hydroperoxides of linoleic acid detected were reduced when the tea seed inhibitor was added to the reaction mixture, but the enzyme activities of lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase were not inhibited. This means that the inhibitor is a decomposer of fatty acid hydroperoxides as an intermediate of C₆-aldehyde formation. The tea seed inhibitor was formed during the seed ripening and it was stable during the seed germination. These findings obtained here suggest that the inhibitor is widely present in plant seeds and inhibits C₆-aldehyde formation by a variety of plant tissues.

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A 5-fluorotryptophan-resistant mutant of Brevibacterium flavum, No. 187, accumulated 2.6g of indole 3-glycerol (InG) in addition to 8.0g of L-tryptophan per liter in the culture medium. The addition of L-serine to the medium decreased the accumulation of InG and increased that of L-tryptophan up to a concentration of 10.3 g/liter, while the addition of L-tryptophan increased the InG accumulation, suggesting that InG was formed by hydrolysis of indole 3-glycerol phosphate (InGP), the substrate of tryptophan synthase (TS) which catalyzed the final step reaction of tryptophan biosynthesis. Then, in order to examine the mechanism of the InG accumulation, TS was purified from tryptophan auxotroph, TA-60. The reaction mechanism of TS was Ordered Bi Bi with Km's of 0.63 and 0.038mM for serine and InGP, respectively. Tryptophan, a product of the TS reaction, inhibited TS competitively with respect to serine and the Ki for tryptophan was estimated to be 2.0mM. On the other hand, anthranilate synthase (AS), the first enzyme in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway, was much less sensitive to the feedback inhibition by tryptophan in strain No. 187 than in the wild strain. The tryptophan concentration giving 50% inhibition of AS in strain No. 187 was estimated to be 2.4mM, almost comparable to that of TS, 7.7mM. From these results, it was concluded that the accumulation of InG in strain No. 187 would result from the product inhibition of TS by the tryptophan accumulated.

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Quantitative relationships were investigated between α-tocopherol and either polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or PUFA>18:2 (PUFA with three or more double bonds) in chicken dark meat (thigh muscle) and light meat (M. pectoralis profundus). Their effects on the development of oxidative rancidity in precooked meats held at 5°C for 3 days were also investigated. Chicken dark meat had higher concentrations of α-tocopherol (μmol) per gram of PUFA or PUFA > 18 :2 than did chicken light meat. 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TEA) values for the cooked ground meats held at 5°C for 3 days tended to increase at both higher and lower concentrations of α-tocopherol than the concentration of about 1.5 μmol of α-tocopherol per gram of PUFA regardless of the type of chicken skeletal muscle.

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The conjugated enzyme system of NAD kinase (NK) and acetate kinase (AK) was investigated to produce NADP continuously by the dynamic recycling of ATP. The enzymes were physically entrapped in an ultranltration hollow fiber tube and the cosubstrate, ATP, as well as the substrates were fed to the reactor continuously. The ATP turnover increased with a decrease in the concentration of ATP fed and with an increase in the concentration of immobilized enzymes. The maximal productivity of the reactor was 0.228 μmol/hr/ml-reactor with an ATP turnover of 8.35. The experimental results were approximately predicted using a theoretical model in which the equilibrium random mechanism was assumed for the AK reaction and neglecting the backward reaction for NK. When the concentration of ATP fed was much lower than the Michaelis constant of NK for ATP, the ATP turnover took a constant value irrespective of the ATP feed concentration, and this value was proportional to the concentration of NK. A rate limiting step was proved to exist in the reaction of NK. The half-life of the enzyme system was over 10 days in a continuous operation.

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The level of alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) in different plant leaves varies to a great extent. Out of twenty two families comprising of fifty one species of plant leaves studied, a very high level of activity was found in leaves of Amarantus blitum and Amarantus gangeticus, which belong to the Amarantaceae family. A possible role of this enzyme in the C₄ pathway of photosynthesis has been discussed. The purified enzyme from the leaf of Amarantus blitum was found to have optimum pH at 9.0, with magnesium being an absolute requirement. Excess substrate inhibits the enzyme activity.

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A carbohydrate binding protein was found in mid-lactating rat mammary gland. This rat mammary gland lectin agglutinated trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes and the hemagglutination was inhibited by the addition of β-D-galactosides such as lactose, melibiose, UDP-galactose and thio-D-galactoside. The lectin was partially purified by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose 4B to which asialo-fetuin had been covalently linked. Rat mammary gland lectin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 14, 800, estimated from SDS-PAGE, or 16, 800 from gel filtration.
The occurrence of two glycoproteins, C4-casein and α-lactalbumin, is known in rat milk. Bovine κ-casein is a well-characterized glycoprotein. These glycoproteins were found to be bound by the rat mammary gland lectin, when they were desialylated by the action of neuraminidase. Neuraminidase-untreated α-lactalbumin also bound to the lectin but to a lesser extent. The level of the lectin in rat mammary gland was greatly reduced during regression of the gland after weaning.

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A thin-layer flow cell system for the determination of L-ascorbic acid by an ascorbate electrode was constructed and several components of this system were investigated. The most preferable conditions for optimum operation of the system were as follows: injection volume 150μl, delay coil length 60cm, flow rate 1 ml/min, temperature 20°C, cell spacer thickness 0.2mm. The linear response region was 0.2-3.0 HIM and 0.02-0.5 HIM (original L-ascorbic acid concentration) in the cases of pure oxygen and atmospheric oxygen bubbling, respectively. The relative standard variation at 1.5mM L-ascorbic acid was 3.1% for 20 successive assays. The measuring time was 2-3 min for each of these assays.

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The antifungal activity of 22 derivatives of 1-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-2, 5-pyrrolidinedione and 6 derivatives of 3-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-2, 4-oxazolidinedione, having various substituents on the imido rings, against Botrytis cinerea was determined by the agar medium dilution method. The structure-activity relationships were analyzed using the physicochemical parameters of the molecules: such as the hydrophobic log P, the electronic σ^*, and the steric E_s^c values with the multiple regression technique. Only the hydrophobic effect is significant in determining the activity variations of both series of compounds. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships of these two series of compounds are represented by an identical equation, having only the hydrophobic term as a variable.

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A method has been applied to the collection of headspace volatiles from soy sauce at room temperature, using Tenax GC adsorption polymer. Concentrated volatiles obtained from fifty soy sauce samples consisting of genuine- and semi-fermented types using Tenax GC and distillation-extraction methods were analyzed by silica capillary GC analysis in order to compare the suitability to sensory data. From a multiple regression analysis, close relationships between two variously transformed GC data sets and sensory data were found, the square root transformation of peak area from the headspace GC data being the best amongst them. The precise extraction of characteristics contained in the sample volatiles, using either of the two aroma collecting methods, was confirmed by cluster analysis.

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A synthesis of (22R, 23R)-homobrassinolide is described. The LC and the chemical correlation studies for the oxidation product of a stigmasterol-like side chain with osmium tetroxide are mentioned. A stereochemical view for the mechanism of osmium tetroxide oxidation of the side chain is proposed.

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Sex pheromonal activity was evaluated for propionates of 4 alcohols having a 6, 6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane skeleton by behavioral assay with the male American cockroach. Their activities were compared with the corresponding acetates. The propionates were active at 20 μg or 500 μg, demonstrating stronger activities than the corresponding acetates. The male to female response ratio (M/F ratio) in BAG was also evaluated for the acetates and propionates, as well as for germacrene-D and camphor. The order of the behavioral activity was represented by that of the ratio. Sex pheromonal activity of (+)-verbanyl propionate (7) and germacrene-D were compared. Stronger activity was consequently observed in 7 at 5μg dose, supporting the M/F ratio result.

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A relatively guanine-specific endoribonuclease (RB-1) was isolated from rice bran. The pH optimum was 8.5 using yeast RNA as a substrate. The enzyme activity was inhibited by Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, DTT and SDS, while EDTA, PCMB, IAA and heparin had no effect on the activity. The enzymic activity of RB-1 was inhibited by 3'-GMP as an end-product inhibitor. The enzyme protein was highly heat-stable. RB-1 did not hydrolyze native calf thymus DNA, heat-denatured DNA, poly A, poly U and poly C. Among synthetic substrates, only poly I was depolymerized. Only 2', 3'-cyclic GMP was identified in the hydrolysate of yeast RNA after 6hr hydrolysis.

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The volatile flavor components of Kumazasa (Sasa albo-marginata) were studied by headspace and steam distillation analyses. Thirty nine and 90 components were identified in the headspace and steam distillation concentrate respectively by GC and GC-MS. The identified components include 7 hydrocarbons, 23 alcohols, 14 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 17 phenols and 14 acids.
The components which are believed to contribute to the characteristic flavor of Kumazasa are deduced to be: l-penten-3-o1, trans-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cyclohexanol, α-terpineol, 4-octanolide and β-Monone.

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Modification of soybean 7S globulin with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was effective for preventing humidity-induced insolubilization during storage. The sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange reaction and/or oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups to form disulfide bonds closely related to the polymerization of the 7S globulin. A dimer, consisting of α' and α subunits linked with disulfide bonds, was observed in the polymerized 7S globulin fractions, but this dimer was not readily apparent in the NEM-7S globulin. The formation of the dimer certainly initiates the insolubilization of the 7S globulin during storage. Although the β subunit had sulfhydryl groups, it did not take a part in the formation of the dimer.

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The roots of Ezo-no-gishigishi (Rumex obtusifolius) contained a high concentration of malonic acid (more than 100mg/100g fr.wt) and oxalic acid (15-45mg/100g fr.wt). The effect of several compounds isolated from the roots of R. obtusifolius on the growth of some fungi, bacteria and lettuce seedlings was examined. It is suggested that one reason for the resistance to decomposition of roots of R. obtusifolius in soil is the existence of organic acids and derivatives of naphthalene and anthraquinone in the tissue.

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Spinach monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) were oxidized with singlet molecular oxygen by the use of chlorophyll a as the photosensitizer. The oxidation products were separated from the unoxidized MGDG and DGDG by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The products separated by HPLC were identified to be mono- and di-hydroperoxides formed by ¹O₂ oxidation of the 16:3 or 18:3 component of MGDG and DGDG. Each unsaturated fatty acid moiety in the MGDG and DGDG produced isomeric hydroperoxides in a manner similar to the corresponding fatty acid methyl ester.

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Urinary excretion of acid soluble peptide (ASP)-form amino acids was lower in rats deprived of protein than in rats fed on a 20% casein or 20% gluten diet. However, the amino acid pattern of urinary ASP was similar among each of the three dietary groups, suggesting that urinary ASP is mainly endogenous origin under these nutritional conditions.
College women who were given a meat-free protein diet for 3 days after 10 days' protein deprivation excreted 1.4 times the amount of ASP-form amino acids during protein deprivation.
The rate of urinary excretion of ASP-form amino acids in the state of protein deprivation was proportional to the metabolic body size of organisms as far as rats and women were concerned.
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats excreted two times the amount of ASP-form amino acids compared with normal rats. This suggests that endogenous protein catabolism doubled in diabetic rats.
When labelled urinary ASP was injected into rats, approximately 40% of the label was recovered as urinary ASP within 24hr. This excretion rate was far higher than that after the injection of free leucine.
The rate of urinary excretion of ASP-form amino acids correlated with that of Nτ-methylhistidine in rats.
These results favor the hypothesis that urinary ASP reflects the catabolism of body proteins.

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The tryptic digestion of beta-conglycinin was studied by the pH-stat method and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The proteolysis of the protein was not affected by the change of ionic strength. This property was distinct from that of glycinin which is degraded rapidly at a low ionic strength.
Five stable fragments were generated in the degradation course. Two kinds of beta-conglycinin, one of which consisted of only the beta-subunit and the other of only the alpha' and alpha-subunit, were isolated to elucidate the original subunit of the fragments. Two fragments (AT-1 and AT-2) from the alpha' and alpha-subunit, and three fragments (BT-2-BT-4) from the beta-subunit were generated. The molecular weights of the fragments were similar to those of the glycinin fragments. From the fragment pattern of the beta-subunit, the presence of two types of the beta-subunit was expected.

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The cooked odor concentrate from precooked krill was obtained by a simultaneous distillation and extraction system. The resulting odor concentrate was separated into basic, carbonyl and carbonyl-free fractions. Each fraction was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty seven compounds, including 3 pyridines, 10 pyrazines, 6 thiazoles, 3 dihydro-4H-1, 3, 5-dithiazines, 11 aldehydes, 10 ketones, 4 alcohols, 6 hydrocarbons and 4 other compounds were identified. Twenty two of these compounds were newly found as the odor components of krill. The low molecular aldehydes, which are known to be a part of the precursors of the secondary formation of the cooked odor, were also investigated by thin layer chromatography. Ethanal, propanal and butanal were newly detected.

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