The clients with some psychological symptoms were told, immediately before performing a behavior (which they knew would produce such symptoms), to anticipate how much better they would be able to perform it this time, and also told to judge the result of their performance -how much better they could actually perform it. This experiment was made to investigate how effective such efforts are to bring about the change in behavior. The subjects were classified into two groups- (1) the experimental group (Group A), who were given the task of "anticipating their performance" and "judging its result," in addition to mere counseling, and (2) the controlled group (Group B), who were given counseling only ; with the aim of comparing and examining the degree of change in the behavior of the two groups. The result of the experiment proved that, compared to Group B, the behavior of Group A was changed significantly in a more satisfactory direction. This suggests that the anticipaion of the performance of a behavior and the self judgment of its result are effective for creating change in behavior."

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the distraction activities on resistance to temptation (RTT) in terms of how long activities attract subjects. The forbidden toy paradigm was used. Eighty-eight preschool children were randomly assigned to three distraction conditions and a control condition. Three distraction conditions were different in how long the activities attract subjects. Time that kept subjects attracted was longer in the Attractiveness L condition than the Attractiveness M and S conditions. Furthermore, time was longer in the Attractiveness M condition than the Attractiveness S condition. In the distraction conditions, subjects werd instructed to distract from forbidden toy by engaging in the activity during RTT. In the control condition,subjects were not given the instruction of distraction. The results indicated that the longer was time that kept subjects attracted, the greater was the effects of distraction activity on RTT.

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A 26-year-old single female suffering from Tourette Syndrome received various therapeutic tests in the past including one week of pharmachotherapy in our hospital, all of which were in vain. After this we applied behavior therapy and noticed a prominent decrease in the frequency of multiple tics. We would therefore like to report on this therapeutic process. We adopted negative-practice, habit-reversal and self-monitoring as the main techniques of behavior therapy in this case. According to these techniques the frequency of the patient's tics at the end of the therapy had decreased by 1/19 compared with the frequency at the time the pharmachotherapy was applied, and even now that lower frequency is being maintained. Although the two former techniques of behavior therapy give the impression of being opposite as far as their applicaton is concerned, the pattern of the paient's symptoms resembled that of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Due to this, negative-practice and habit-reversal could be useful also for the relief of tension suffered by the patient which is based on conflict. At the present time the patient is more or less relieved from obstacles in everyday life. However even now she is not approaching full recovery from the tics and because a temporary, slight increase in the frequency of the tics was noticed due to an accidental interruption in the routine of drug taking, it was suggested that the patient therefore had a functional disorder in the Dopamine (DA) system in her brain, and therefore this resulted in the prevention of an uppermoderate improvement by bahavior therapy. In the report on the therapeutic process we would like to try to analyse the varying effects of the therapeutic variables.

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In order to analyze the difficulties in adjusting to a foreign culture, three foreign student groups i ving in Japan (Mainland-Chinese-group, Taiwanese/Korean-group, and No-kanji-group) were selected and asked to rate their subjective difficulties in various social situations based on Furnham and Bochners (1981) method : Formal, Assertiveness, Friendship and Daiyliving. The degrees of the subjective difficulties were found to decrease in the order listed. Further, the relationship between relevent factors and social difficulties were assessed and the results were as follows. First, the longer the subject had learned the Japanese before they came to Japan, the lesser they experienced their difficulties in most situations. Second, the degree of overall adjustment was shown to increase as the difficulties in Assertiveness and Friendship decrease. Social difficuties in Formal and Assertiveness were found to decrease generally in the order of No-kanji-group, Taiwan/Korean-group and Chinese-group. However, this tendency was not found clearly in Friendship and Dailyliving. This indicates that the patterns of the social difficulties change with the differences in subjects' cultural backgrounds.

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The purpose of the present paper is to examine the research trends in cognitive behavior modification (CBM), especially the effects of cognitive techniques. For this purpose, the authors conceptualized CBM and overviewed the studies in the field. The authors then analysed the present state of CBM and suggested its future possibilities, Suggested main future directions are as follow: (1) It is required to examine the effects of cogntive techniques from the physiological aspect as well as the behavioral and cognitive aspects; (2) clarify the effects of cognitive techniques through comparison with other validated techniques ; (3) clarify the reasons why the effects of the combined techniques, in some cases, is inferior to each single one ; (4) systematically analyse the effects of the components of each cognitive technique.

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