The purposes of the present study were to develop an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire for Child-Rearing (ATQ-CR) and to investigate the relationship between automatic thoughts and stress responses in mothers rearing young children. The results of exploratory and high- dimensional factor analysis of data from 324 mothers of preschool children supported the validity of 2 factors: a negative factor, which consisted of 29 items, and a positive factor, which consisted of 14 items. Cronbach's a coefficient was sufficiently high (negative factor: α=.90, positive factor: α=.76) , and scores on the negative factor of the Questionnaire correlated significantly with stress response scores (r=.23-.35). These data suggest that the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire for Child-Rearing has high reliability and validity. In order to investigate the relationship between automatic thoughts and stress responses, scores on the Questionnaire were compared across 3 groups based on their scores on a State of Mind questionnaire. The results of ANOVAs suggested that the Low Positive group had significantly lower stress response scores than the Neutral and Low Negative groups. The data suggest that a balance of negative and positive thinking is related to stress responses, and .that stress management of automatic thoughts would be helpful for mothers rearing young children.

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The purpose of the present study was to clarify how pain clinical symptoms, pain catastrophizing, and escape/avoidance predicted physical, social, and mental aspects of daily disabilities in patients with tension-type headaches (TTH) . The participants, 73 patients with tension-type headaches, completed a set of questionnaires including pain clinical symptoms (headache intensity and frequency), cognitive factors (Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PCS) , affective factors (Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20; PASS-20) , and headache-related daily disabilities (Headache Impact Test-6; HIT-6) . In order to identify which pain clinical symptoms and cognitive/affective factors of individuals with tension-type headaches were the most predictive of each item of the Headache Impact Test-6, multiple regression analyses were conducted. The results showed that pain clinical symptoms predicted physical aspects of daily disabilities, but pain- related catastrophizing and escape/avoidance were much more predictive of the social or mental aspects of daily disabilities than were pain clinical symptoms.

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Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the scale had one factor structure, correspondent with the original version of EROS. The scale showed adequate internal consistency and test-retest stability. In the test information function of item response theory, the scale showed high measurement accuracy in broad trait values. The scale was negatively correlated with depressive and anxiety symptoms and behavioral activation, and positively with behavioral inhibition. Controlling the effects of anxiety, the scale had the strongest correlation with anhedonia symptoms. These results suggested that the Japanese version of EROS has construct validity.

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The present paper reviews cognitive dysfunction, which is considered to have an effect on the relapse of depression, and discusses the usefulness of psychological interventions that focus on cognitive dysfunction. First, the review suggests that patients whose depression is in remission continue to show deficits in memory, attention, and executive function. Thus, the paper considers the effect of cognitive dysfunction on the adaptation of patients who are in remission. Next, the paper discusses the usefulness of assessing cognitive dysfunction and targeting the dysfunctions themselves in treatment, and proposes that the addition of neuropsychological approaches to the usual cognitive behavior therapy might augment the effect of relapse prevention. Finally, the paper discusses the following future issues: (a) the necessity of controlling samples and methods, (b) the necessity of reviewing effects of medication on cognitive function after remission, and (c) the necessity of developing intervention strategies that take into account the characteristics of cognitive dysfunction in patients with remitted depression, and examining the effect of the intervention.

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