This study was to examine the effect of visualization strategy (VIS) on speech anxiety. Seventeen high social anxious subjects were randomly devided into two experimental groups. The contingency group (CON, n=8) were given a short discussion with three interviewers. The non-contingency group (N-CON, n=9) were requested a short presentation in the presence of three audiences. Both two groups had VIS training session between pre and post test session. HR change and subjective ratings of feeling were measured as the indices of anxiety. The main findings were as follows. (1) In both groups, the effect of VIS couldn't be observed on HR change. (2) On subjective ratings, VIS had a manifest effect on reducing anxiety. (3) Especially, the greater decreament of anxiety could be observed in N-CON. These results suggested that the visualization was effective in reducing subjective ratings of speech anxiety in the self-presenting situation which the level of contingency was more lower.

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The purpose of this study was to standardize two social anxiety scales, i. e. the Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (FNE) and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), for Japanese population, to validate them, and to investigate their reliabilities using 300 normal and 32 anthropophobic subjects. The results of psychometric examinations were as follows : (1) the Japanese version of FNE and SADS had high values of homogeneity, (2) they had sufficient factorial and clinical validity for discriminating clinical figures with social anxiety, (3) reliability coefficients of both scales by test-retest method were enough high as clinical in ventories, (4) both scales showed significantly high correlation coefficients with tne Manifest Anxiety Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. These results suggest that the Japanese version of FNE and SADS are enough for use in cli nical and research settings. The results of this study was discussed within the framework of social anxiety theories.

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We have treated 24 cases of encopresis, chiefly with operant conditioning techniques. In the process of therapy we adequately used the soft laxatives which made the bowel movements of the patients more easily open. The results were that sixteen cured, four much improved and four dropped out. The causes or trigger factors of the symptoms dominently proved the failures of training on bowel movements by the indulgent or coercive parents. In some cases the death of one of the parents, the bearing of sib or the other stressful situations had happend. We noticed the contracts between the therapist and the patient's family should be confirmed before the beginning of therapy. In other words the therapeutic motivations by the patient as well as her parents are exclusively important. About the difference of sexuality among the encopresis, it is believed that male is twice to ten times as female. However, it is not so remarkable in our cases.

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Anxiety, generally, consists of the The present study was an attempt to responses to them. Twenty-four male physical-danger situation and the ego-threatening situation. examine the effect of anxiety situations on the expressions of undergraduates served as subjects, who randomly divided into two experimental groups, that is, ES condition as the physical-danger situation which a subject received an electric shock as a noxious stimulus, and PV one as the ego-threatening situation which he was observed by TV-camera while he was waiting for the presentation of pornographic film. Heart rate and tapping pressure were used as measures of anxiety responses. Response variability was calculated by FFT. Relationship between anxiety responses was analyzed by cross correlation method, Response levels tended to increase in ES condition, while heart rate variability (HMO of low frequency (0.008-0.05 Hz) did in PV condition. As the result of cross correlation, high correlation was observed between HRV ranged from 0.058 Hz to 0.1 Hz and tapping pressure only in ES condition. These results showed that the expressions of anxiety responses varied with anxiety situations.

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The purpose of this study was to examiety the anxiety responses among male subjects who have one of three types of coping style with stress. Ss of cach group were selected using Marlowe-Crowne's Social Desirabilsty Scale and Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale, i. e. repressor ; high on MCSD and low on MAS, sensitizer ; low on MCSD and high on MAS, low-anxious subjects ; low on both MCSD and on MAS. Ss engaged in a stressful session in which they were interviewed by an unknown female student. Sudjective ratings of anxiety, heart rate, and skin conductance level were recorded intermittetly during the session, and overt behavioral deficits were scored based on video recodings during essions. Main results were as follows. On overt behavioral scores, sensitizers showed more deficits than the other groups. On heart rate increase, on the contrary, repressors showed significantly greater increase than sensitizers. Low-anxious subjects showed relative small anxiety responses on both overt behavioral and physiological scores. Contrary to previous researches, no significant differences were found in subjective ratings. These results suggest that the discrepancies between overt behavior and heart rate, which were found both in sensitizers and in repressors, were caused by their specific coping patterns.

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Two cases of elective mutism were successfully treated using behaviorally oriented techniques, especially Fading Procedure, in my clinic and in their school. In the first case, Fading Procedure was employed mainly in the clinic :my colleague therapists were "faded" gradually intothe situations where the child was talking naturally with her mother. In this case, especially it was recognized that her class teacher contributed to facilitate the verbal and nonverbal communication of the child in her classroom. In the second case, after establishing an adequate verbal behavior between the child and therapists. Fading Procedure was apllied in the classroom after school. In this case, the execution of this procedure was as follow : the target child and the therapists worked and/or played together in the classroom, where her class teacher and other classmates joined gradually not to disturb the child's verbal and physical activities. In both cases, the target children could speak and behave in a free manner at school. The follow -up information of the Case One, 7 months after the treatment, and of the Case Two, 18 months after the treatment, shows that thier adequate verbal and nonverbal behaviors were maintained. To intervene the problem of elective mutism, it seemed necessary to treat not only verbal behavior but also nonverbal social behavior, because the elective mutism must be treated as problems such as their immaturity and/or unbalance of social skills or social or social interactions.

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Many factors influence the efficacy of techniques of behavior therapy. The purpose of this paper is twofold : to delineate the usefulness of interbehavioral psychology's paradigm for conducting behavior therapy ; and to discuss the efficacy of stimulus fading procedures in the treatment of an electively mute 8-year-old girl. It will be suggested that some of the conceptual units of interbehavioral psychology, such as stimulus function, setting factors and interbehavioral history, should be examined and munipulated.

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