The specific heat and thermal expansion of high purity BaTiO₃ ceramics have been measured at temperatures from −120° to 150°C with the following results:
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
These informations allow us to calculate the shifting rate of the transition temperature by hydrostatic pressure according to the Clapeyron-Clausius equation; the calculated values are in satisfactory agreement with the observations by Merz.

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The dielectric, calorimetric and dilatometric measurements have been made on the solid solutions Pb(Zr–Ti)O₃ which contain small amounts of PbTiO₃ less than 10%. Besides the ordinary Curie point near 220°C, the existence of another transition, for example 140°C in Pb(Zr95–Ti5)O₃, was confirmed. It seems reasonable to interpret these two transitions as phase changes from paraelectric state to ferroelectric one and further to antiferroelectric one. Whereas the upper transition temperature is nearly constant for these concentrations, the lower transition temperature increases with decreasing Ti concentration and both temperatures seem to coincide at pure PbZrO₃. These results suggest that PbZrO₃ may be antiferroelectric below its Curie point 220°C.

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The phase diagram of the whole range of the PbZrO₃–PbTiO₃ system was determined by the dielectric and dilatometric measurements. According to the reason shown in part I, this phase diagram can be divided into three regiors; paraelectric, ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases. The crystal structure of this system was determined by the Debye photographs. In the antiferroelectric region solid solutions have a tetragonal modification of perovskite structure with c⁄a<1 and have some superstructure which seems to have intimate relation to the antiferroelectricity. In the ferroelectric region, except a region near antiferroelectric phase in which pseudocubic structure is observed, they have ordinary tetragonal structure of c⁄a>1 without any superstructure.

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The phase transition and the crystal structures of cuprous iodide (CuI) have been studied by the X-ray and calorimetric measurement Two phase transitions at 369°C and 407°C were found and the corresponding energy and entropy changes were estimated from the specific heat-temperature curve. The crystal lattice of γ, β and α-phases were determined to be the cubic (ZnS type), hexagonal (ZnO type) and cubic, respectively, by the X-ray powder method. The intensity change with temperature was measured in detail by a new method by which the Debye temperature factor can be taken into account more exactly. From this measurement, it was found that the crystal structure of this substance begins to change anomalously already at about 200°C, and finally transforms into the high temperature form having an average structure. That is to say, there are some metastable positions around every copper position of the low temperature form and the probability of finding the Cu-atoms in these positions gradually increases with temperature and finally, in the α-Phase region, the atoms are equally distributed over all the positions. It was concluded that these probable positions are 4(c): (1/4 1/4 1/4) and 16(e): (xxx, x\barx\barx, \barxx\barx, \barx\barxx) of T_a² with the parameter x≈0.34±0.01. The entropy change expected from this proposed structure change is fairly in agreement with the value obtained by the calorimetric measurement.

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The domain structures in the rochelle salt crystal were observed in polarized light under varied electric field. It was found that the motion of the domain boundaries shows hysteresis and relaxation phenomena, and sometimes Barkhausen effect. It was also found that the domain does not always penetrate the crystal and some domains are supposed to be wedge-shaped in the direction of thickness (along the a-axis).

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The present paper shows the calculation of the intensity of X-rays diffracted by a one-dimensionally disordered crystal by the matrix method of Hendricks and Teller and has two purposes; the one is to make clear the relation between the above mentioned matrix method and the difference equation method used by Wilson and Jagodzinski, and the other is to rearrange the results obtained by Hendricks and Teller by introducing the general intensity equation from a rather simple and intuitive standpoint, assuming a finite number N of layers. The obtaind result for the former is ‾S_jS^*_j+n=SpurVFPⁿ. For the latter case, it is concluded that the matrix Φ containing the phase shift exp(−i\varphi_s) is not a general matrix but a diagonal one, and the assumption of a finite number N of layers gives rise to a higher term in addition to the normal diffuse term and this higher term becomes the Laue function in special cases and can hardly be neglected at and near a special point and also when N is very small. In addition the physical meanings of some quantities which appeared in their paper are made clear. More general treatments for the general structure with any “Reichweite” and their relation to Wilson and Jagodzinski’s results will be discussed in following papers.

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Thin films of Au₃Cu were prepared by the evaporation method and an imperfect, but sufficient order was formed in them after annealing at about 200°C for 100∼200 hrs. The films, whose transmissionp hotographs showed clear superlattice rings, were heated step by step up to 400°C or 500°C, and the collapsing manner of order was observed by gradual transition of difuse superlattice rings to broad and faint bands, which persisted even at far higher temperatures than the transition point. our resalts coincided well with those of Germer and others in Cu₃Au, and these electron diffraction studies supported the results obtained by the specific heat measurements on the behaviour of Cu₃Au, Au₃Cu and CuAu at higher temperatures.

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Change of electric resistance of single crystal of iron rod induced by magnetization was measured by usual potentiometer and galvanometer deflection method at high temperature up to the Curie point. From these results (ΔR⁄R)₁₁₁ and (ΔR⁄R)₁₀₀ at several temperatures are calculated. (ΔR⁄R)₁₀₀ remains constant from room temperature up to near 300°C and then decreases gradually to zero at the Curie point with increasing temperature. (ΔR⁄R)₁₁₁ tends very smoothly to zero at the Curie point with increasing temperature. The large decrease of resistance near the Curie point is not anisotropic.

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The discontinuous phenomena in plasticity of metals, such as the yielding, the state of ultimate strength, and the brittle fracture, were regarded as a kind of Markoff process, and studied from the standpoint of nucleation theory. The fundamental features of these types of failures, namely, (1) the relation between strength and deformation velocity or stress velocity, (2) the temperature dependence of strength, (3) the size effect, (4) the transition temperature from ductile to brittle failure, (5) the fluctuation characteristics of strength were unifiedly interpreted. Theoretical criterions of failure and fracture of polycrystalline metals were also introduced.

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Creep fracture of copper wire was regarded as a kind of Markoff process, and studied from the standpoint of nucleation theory. The theory indicates the power relation between stress and time for fracture which is in good accord with experiments. The dependence of time for fracture on the stress, the temperature and the length of specimen was experimentally obtained. The fluctuation characteristics accompanying these phenomena were also studied. These experiments were interpreted from the theory.

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The intensities of the electric quadrupole and the magnetic dipole radiations of atoms and ions corresponding to the transitions between the states arising from the same electron configuration pⁿ are calculated. In constructions the eigenfunctions for each J-state, spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions between different electrons as well as the usual spin-orbit interactions of individual electrons are taken into account to make fit with the observed multiplet intervals. The results are expected to be improved by the inclusion of these previously neglected interactions.

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General formulas for the line strengths of transition as well as the probabilities of photo-ionization and recombination are obtained. They are expressed in simple forms by Racah’s coefficients of fractional parentages. Auxiliary tables useful for their computation for the case l=2 are given.

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The CH₂ radical is considered to have the bond angle of 140 degrees and the dissociation energy of 205 kcal. It may be possible to explain these values of the CH₂ radical by the calculation of its electronic energies, assuming both the s²p² and sp³ electronic configurations of the carbon atom, and using the atomic orbital approximation. The result of our calculation shows that the ground state of CH₂ has the dissociation energy 9.25 eV (204 kcal.) and the equilibrium bond angle 140 degrees, the symmetry state of which being ³B₁ having its nodal plane in the moleclar plane. If we compare the result of our calculation with the estimation given by Mulliken using the method of molecular orbital, it may be observed that there is a good correspondence between those two methods of approximation except a few numbers of term reversal.

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The white light emitted from a neon discharge tube at its initial discharge, changes to red gradually with the time of discharge. This aging phenomenon was studied by a spectroscopic method. The white light mainly was that of Ångström bands of CO molecules. The recombination of carbon atoms and oxygen atoms produced by the dissociation of CO molecules in the tube was arrested by the neon gas. The carbon thus freed, therefore, was fixed on the wall of the tube gradually. This was the main cause giving the phenomenon. The similar phenomenon was also observed in the case of helium discharge tubes.

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It has been communicated by us that, the auroral green line λ5577 observed in the night sky would be excited by the recombination energy of hydrogen atoms in the upper atmoshere higher than 300 km. In the present experiment the green line was newly excited in a small capillary discharge tube containing a small quantity of oxygen gas, and in a case of a helium discharge tube or neon discharge tube which was used to excite the green line hitherto, it was especially intensified when hydrogen gas was added.
The result of the experiment, therefore, seems to give one of supports to the mechanism of excitation of the green line mentioned above.

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The optical constants of the evaporated ZnS film were determined by the photometric and interferometric methods for the wave-length between 400 mμ and 1000 mμ. The results obtained by both methods agree within the experimental error, and the density of the film calculated by Lorenz-Lorenz formula is ca. 0.98 of that of the bulk ZnS.

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An expression for calculating the lamellar reflectivity of a single layer on a surface of metal is given by extending Nathanson and Bartberger’s equation. Then, interpreting this expression as reflectivity for a surface of hypothetical medium with an “effective refractive index”, we calculated the reflectivity and the phase shift due to the reflection of two or more thin films on a surface of metal and the results were compared with the experiments of A. F. Turner and G. Hass. It was ascertained that the results of calculation show a good coincidence with the experimental data, except in case of very thin aluminium film, in which the optical constants different from those of bulk aluminium must be used. This method of calculation is useful for producing the interference filter, and reflection increasing or reducing by multilayer films, etc. Finally, from the result of the calculation, a method of obtaining a reflection-type interference filter using ZnS was induced.

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According to the theory of polanret microscope, it is expected that we can vary the phase difference and the intensity ratio of the diffracted and the direct rays of the polanret microscope to any desired values, independently of each other. But, this is permissible only when there is no errors of manufacture in the micoid disc of the microscope. If we take the errors of this disc into account, above assumption is no longer true. In this paper, we studied the effects of errors introduced in the micoid disc upon the function of the polanret microscope. It was found that the effect of error in λ/4-plate (deviation of retardation from λ/4) upon the intensity ratio becomes maximum when the phase difference is π/2. This is the worst effect, as the polanret microscope is used at π/2 most frequently. All other effects become zero or minimum when the phase difference is π/2. Graphs showing the results of calculations are given to determine the limits of the tolerable errors in the micoid disc.

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A diamond, cut in the form of plate, was coated in the parallel facts with evapolated aliminium. When the crystal was bombarded by alpha rays on the side, the counting rate was decreased by light. The wave length responsible for the effect was about 5000 Å. This light, applied more than one hour, did not increase the rate. In this point the effect differed from that of Willardson and Danielson. In the case of the bombardment through an electrode serface an opposite effect appeared. The rate was increased by the irradiation of the visible light to an equilibrium value, which depended on the wave length. But the light including ultraviolet, which makes a remarkable photoionization, decreased the rate after the maximum point.
The increasing effect is understood by the release of the space charge as the experiment of Chynoweth. The decreasing effect seems to be attributed to the recombination of the carrier with the trapped one by the aide of the light, for the effect is observed only when the charge carrier drift in the plasma layer where both electrons and holes are trapped.

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It has been verified experimentally that a Geiger-Müller counter having several glass beads on its central wire is very useful in X-ray measurement because of its law counting losses (Reference (1)).
The connting losses of such beaded counters were calculated theoretically in several cases. The losses are reduced to about 1/n of non-beaded counters in the eases of short wave lengths, n being the number of sections, and this factor increases with the wave length of X-rays. The effects of the finite ranges of secondary electrons in the counter gas is negligibly small, and the effect of the finite spreading probability of counter discharges beyond the beads is to increase slightly the reducing factor.

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The intensities of γ-rays of RaC were investigated with a semi-circular focusing magnetic spectrometer and coincidence technique of G-M counters.
The efficiencies of thick radiator for γ-rays of various energies were calculated according to the experimental straggling curves obtained by White and Miliington and also taking the scattering losses into concideration. And the intensities of γ-rays were determined from the maximum heights of momentum distribution curve of Compton recoil electrons projected from a thick target of aluminium. From these values and the relative intensities of conversion electrons reported in our former paper, the internal conversion coefficients were calculated and compared with the results of former authors, and with theoretical values.
Both the intensities of γ-rays of RaC and the internal conversion coefficients obtained are in accord with the results of Ellis and Aston.

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The binding energies of the last neutron and proton, and of the last neutron-proton pair in nuclei, whose mass number A≤36, are investigated by utilizing mass values. Those of the last neutron-proton pair in nuclei having A∼61 are also investigated. The curves of the binding energy vs. nucleon number show the large binding energies and the breaks at 6 and 14 neutrons or protons and 28 protons like those occuring at the positions of shell closing in atoms.

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The shape of proton magnetic resonance absorption line in hydrogen perchlorate monohydrate was observed. The line was found to be simple and narrow at the room temperature, and to show the complicated structure corresponding to “three proton system” at the temperature below 150°K. These results were interpreted as follows: the crystal is composed of the oxonium ion OH₃⁺ and the perchlorate ion ClO₄⁻, the orientation of the oxonium ion being well fixed at lower temperatures. At high temperatures, above the transition point at 150°K, however, the oxonium ion begins to rotate around the centre of mass, resulting the narrowing of the absorption line. H–H distance in the oxonium ion was estimated to be 1.6∼1.7 Å, in good accord with the expected value from our knowledge about, the structure of the water molecule.

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The title “Mechanical Barkhausen Effect” should read “Mechanical Barkhausen Effect in Single Crystals of Iron”.

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