In order to establish a rational test of muscle function of the lower extremities using floor reaction force during sit to stand (STS) movement, we should study an appropriate number of sit to stand movements in a STS test with which we can rationally evaluate the leg strength function. However, related leg strength function and floor reaction force during STS movement may be different when the STS movement is performed once or repeatedly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a difference and relation of floor reaction force between a single STS test and a STS test repeated 5 times. Ten young-adult male subjects participated in this study (age: 20-24). Subjects performed the STS movement only once or 5 times. In the single STS test, subjects performed the STS movement once, while in the repeated STS test, they repeated it in two kinds of movement, 5 times as rapidly as possible or in an ordered tempo. The single and each of the repeated STS tests were performed twice, respectively. In terms of each parameter, the mean value of the STS movement repeated 5 times and a value of the single STS test were compared. Significant differences in achievement time and impulse were observed, and it was larger in the single STS test. A significant correlation was observed only between peak values of floor reaction force of the single STS test and the repeated STS test. In conclusion, in the repeated STS test, and in both cases of the maximum-voluntary and tempo ordered repeated STS test, floor reaction forces in each trial were closely related with total value of that of five repeated movements and there was no difference in characteristic features of the floor reaction forces even in a different repeated style. However, characteristic features of floor reaction force of the single STS test were different from those of the repeated STS test and, in the latter, the movement was achieved more rapidly, more forcefully and with a smaller workload.

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　Background. Objectives-The effects of taekwon-do (TKD), the Korean martial art, training on lipid peroxidation and scavenger enzymes were determined by maximal graded treadmill exercise test. 　Methods. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) as scavenger enzymes were examined. The plasma MDA level was used as a marker of lipid peroxidation. The biochemical evaluations were performed in 8 TKD trained males for at least, over 7 years training and in 8 healthy control males, at rest just before exercise, and at all out, at 10-min and at 30-min after maximal graded treadmill exercise test . 　Results. In resting conditions, MDA level and CAT activity in TKD trained subjects were 2.7 times (P<0.01) and 10.6 times (P<0.01) higher than these in control subjects, whereas the activity of SOD was not significantly affected by either acute or chronic exercise. At the time of all out, after treadmill exercise, increased rates of MDA level (P<0.05) and CAT activity (P<0.05) were much lower in TKD trained subjects than in control subjects with differences between two groups (P<0.01). Absolute values of MDA level and CAT activity at the time of all out, at 10-min and at 30-min after treadmill exercise were still higher in TKD group, but the recoveries to the resting levels were much quicker in TKD group than in control group. 　Conclusion. Adaptive response of changes in MDA levels and scavenger enzymes to maximal graded treadmill exercise was formed more highly in TKD trained subjects than in control subjects

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　The present study is to analyze as the wave motion derived from the function for the annual change of physique and motor fitness of preschool children (four, five - year - old girls) by applying the fourth degree polynomial to annual between 1969 and 1999. For tens of certain kindergartens in the Aichi prefecture, height and weight(as physique), and 20m dash, standing long jump, tennis-ball throwing, jumping one leg and chinning exercises(as motor fitness) of four and five-year-old preschool children in 1969, 1979, 1989, 1999 were obtained as statistics. Analysis of variance was carried out to these statistics between annual (from 1969 to 1999). Polynomial set up annual as horizontal axis was applied to significant statistics as result of analysis of variance. Regarding the physique, it shows the trend of increase according to annual change (between 1969 and 1999). Regarding the motor fitness, 20m dash and standing long jump show the trend of increase, however, tennis-ball throwing show a decreasing trend according to annual change, especially in tennis-ball throwing, it is shown that shift to a slow trend of increase about from 1980 to 1995.

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　The purpose of this study is to investigate how the first Japanese modern textbook, Syougaku Tokuhon, was organized and edited by Yoshikado Tanaka based on Willson's Reader（1860）．I contrasted Willson's Reader with the first version of Syougaku Tokuhon published in (1873) and the revision in (1874). This analysis shows that the first version contains several topics about health; moreover, those topics cover more than 30% of the first volume to the third volume in the revision. In fact, health education in elementary school was begun with Syougaku Tokuhon. Furthermore, it was found that Tanaka emphasized the 'play' for child growth and development, that is, he adopted the topic "The Play-Ground" from Willson’s Second Reader as the first two volumes of both the first version and the revision. Because of his background knowledge of the European medical science, Tanaka recognized that the 'play' had the important meaning for child growth and development. As a result, Syougaku Tokuhon specialized "The Play-Ground" contributed to establishing a playground or a playroom in kindergarten and a ground or a gym in elementary school.

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　It is known that about 4,800 out of the 6,426 Japanese soldiers died of the malnutrition in Woleai Island (Mereyon Island) that was located in about 800 km south of Saipan Island by the end of the world war. The 2nd Company of the 335th battalion of the 50th mixture brigade advanced to the small Island (800×300m) in Woleai. Mr.Kuwae who was a commander of the 2nd company recorded in detail about their life and death. This is a case with the malnutrition death of the young soldiers in the limited environment of the tropical island during the war. We analyzed the related factor to the malnutrition death of the youth, by examining about the energy of supply and consumption based on the Kuwae's diary. The 83 of 96 soldiers died of the malnutrition. The survival was all 25 years old or less. We concluded that 80-90% of men will reach the malnutrition death within 3-6 months under the condition of Intake of 700kcal/day and consumption of 2,000Kcal/day. And, even if the supply is increased to 1,000 kcal/day in later, they can survive further for only two months. The young person of 25 years or less can survive; however, the 20-30 % in their weight will decrease.

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