The effects of aging upon lipid metabolism were analysed on the facts obtained by epidemiological and experimental studies. The meann cholosterol and triglyceride concentrations increased with age up to the age of 55, then gradually fell as age advanced. Between the subjects grouped by the age under 50 and over 60 years, no difference was seen in the response of blood glucose, FFA, and IRI to oral glucose loading, and also in post-heparin lipolytic activity. But the mean dietary intake in terms of total calorie and carbohydrate intake, and also the FFA release from abdominal adipose tissue decreased, though slightly, in the aged. These indicated that the decrease in supply of endogenous as well as exogenous materials for lipogenesis was the possible cause for the lowered metabolism of lipid in the aged.

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Interrelationship between humoral and cellular immune responses was studied experimentally using rabbits immunized with denatured DNA and synthetic RNA.
The results of the serial and simultaneous determinations of both immune responses in same rabbit suggested the existence of regulation mechanism between both immunities.
The humoral and cellular immune responses against other nucleic acid antigens than the immunized antigen were heterogeneous.

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The effect of morphine on phospholipid metabolism in superior cervical sympathetic ganglion of rats was investigated in vitro. The dissected sympathetic ganglion was incubated in standard bathing solution with ³²P inorganic phosphate and the incorporation of radioactivity into phospholipid was measured. The rate of ³²P incorporation into total phospholipid was linear between one and four hour incubation. Three hour incubation of sympathetic ganglion in 10^-4M morphine did not alter the phospholipid metabolism of both resting and acetylcholine-stimulated ganglia, in spite of the definite depressive effect at this concentration of morphine on the electrophysiological activity of ganglion cells. This result suggests that the depressant effect of morphine on sympathetic ganglion is not directly related to changes of phospholipid metabolism in sympathetic ganglion.

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Previous studies in our laboratory suggest that macrophage cytophilic antibodies (M.C.A.) specific for allogeneic determinants could be detected in rat skingrafted from appropriate strain of rat.
In this present study, macrophage cytophilic antibody titers were followed with opsonization test which were carried out using peripheral lymphocytes of the kidney donor, macrophage monolayers cultured in Falcon trays from peripheral monocytes of healthy volunteers and serial test serum of the transplant recipient, without use of complement. Modified Terasaki microcytotoxicity test was also done stimutaneously.
Twenty-six kidney transplant recipients who received grafts from twentyseven Living-Related-Donors have been followed for one month to two years and three months. Average follow up period is 11.6 months at the present time.
Twelve out of twenty-seven transplants did not show any positive cytotoxicity. In this group, six patients have never experienced clinical rejection episodes. And other six patients did experience rejection episodes but all recovered from them except one. Eleven out of twelve kidneys are now functioning and ten patients have normal serum creatinine level. Mean serum creatinine of the eleven patients with functioning grafts is 1.17±0.25 mg/dl.
Other twelve transplants developed positive M.C.A. against kidney donors' lymphocytes during post-transplant course. All of the twelve patients experienced moderate to severe rejection episodes. Three of them lost their kidney grafts. And nine out of twelve kidney grafts are now functioning and only three patients have normal serum creatinine. Mean serum creatinine level of the nine patients is 1.77±.50 mg/di. Of the twelve patients who showed positive M.C.A. in this group only one developed positive cytotoxicity after he rejected the kidney.
Cytotoxicity test was negative before surgery in all twenty-seven transplants. But there were three patients who had Positive M.C.A. against kidney donors' lymphocytes before transplant surgery, already. All three recipients suffered from severe acute rejection crisis. And two have rejected their kidney grafts. One of them died of Pneumocystis carini infection with gram negative septisemia following repeated vigorous anti-rejection treatments. In this group, two patients developed positive cytotoxicity only after they rejected kidney or even after transplant nephrectomy.
The tentative conclusion at this time is that detection of M.C.A. with opsonization test seems to represent much more sensitive indicater of the immune reactive state between donor and recipient in human kidney allo-transplantation. While no pre-transplant serum showed positive cytotoxicity, three pretransplant serum showed positive M.C.A. to kidney donors' lymphocytes and all three patients suffered from severe acute (not HYPER-ACUTE) rejection and two of them lost grafts.
By eliminating these presensitized pairs using this test system, it may be possible to improve clinical results of kidney transplantation.
Also, it might be able to differentiate clinical rejection episode which is dominated by antibody mediated cellular immunity from humoral antibody prodominated one.
A part of this paper was read at the sixth annual meeting of American Society of Nephrology, November 1973 at Washington D.C and was supported by NIH grants (No. 9642 & No. 9947).

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Local cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in the respiratory tract and systemic CMI were evaluated. Cellular immune response was tested by the estimation of delayed skin reactivity to purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis (PPD) and inhibition of macrophage migration (IMM) at various intervals after the immunization of guinea pigs with heat killed bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG). As an indicator of local respiratory sensitivity, IMM using bronchial washing cells was adopted, while as an indicator of systemic immune response, IMM with peritoneal exudate cells and skin reactivity to PPD were used.
The animals immunized with heat killed BCG via intratracheal route developed significantly greater local CMI than animals immunized via sub cutaneous route, whereas parenterally immunized animals showed greater systemic immunity than intratracheally immunized animals. From the results of delayed skin reaction and IMM with pulmonary or peritoneal cells, skin reactions correlated with IMM by peritoneal exudate cells but not with IMM by respiratory tract cells.
CMI was also evaluated by resistance to infection of M. tuberculosis H37Rv challenged via intratracheal or subcutaneous route. Intratracheal immunization induced higher protection against intratracheal challenge than subcutaneous immunization. On the contrary, subcutaneous immunization de veloped higher resistance to subcutaneous infection. Therefore, local and sys temic protection against infection correlated with either local and systemic CMI measured by IMM respectively.

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In recent years there has been an increase in the incidence of lung cancer in women with the rate of increase exceeding the rate of increase in men. There are some reports of detailed studies of lung cancer in women in the United States of America and European countries, but few in Japan.
Fifty nine cases of lung cancer in women were studied in comparison with 225 cases in men by the hospital records. The ratio of female to male cases was 1:3.8. The major characteristic findings of cases admitted to hospital were as follows.
1) The age of the peak incidence of lung cancer in women was appeared to be younger than that in men, and the age distribution in adeno carcinoma was also different between both sexes.
2) The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in women was less than in men though there was no difference in the incidence of other histological types.
3) The prognosis of women with lung cancer was consistently better than in men without significant difference in any methods of treatment.
4) The relationship between cigarette smoking and the increasing tendency of incidence of lung cancer was not demonstrated. However there was remarkable difference in the histological distribution between smokers and non-smokers.

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The fine structural changes induced by 4, 4'-diethylaminoethoxy hexestrol dihydrochloride(DH)-a coronary vasolidator-in the rat liver and pancreas were studied. The cytoplasmic change caused by the daily administration of DH was characterized by the appearance of numerous myeloid inclusion bodies. The myeloid bodies appeared at first near the Golgi complexes in the early stage of treatment and increased in number, and at the same time, the fusion of myeloid bodies occurred in proportion to the period of treatment. The myeloid bodies were tentatively classified into following four types: whorls of membrane (type I), dense bodies with a regular periodicity (45-55Å), such as finger-printed structure (type II), labyrinthine aggregates of smooth membrane and reticular internal structure surrounded by membranes (type III) and crystalline bodies showing an internal regular lattice pattern (type IV). There were also many intermediate types among them in the case of long term administration of DH. It is suggested that type III, IV myeloid bodies are formed through the stage of type I or type II myeloid bodies and that type I and type II myeloid bodies appear originally caused by DH ad ministration. The myeloid bodies are assumed to be produced by the processes that the lipid metabolism is disturbed by DH itself and abnormal metabolites are formed and then, they are uptaken and accumulated in the lysosomes. After intralysosomal digestion, more resistant components of lipid remain and are condensed in the lysosomes. These residues, rich in phospholipids and free cholesterol are probably represented as myeloid structures. These cellular changes induced by DH administration were reversible in rats. The processes of cellular recovery and disappearance of myeloid bodies in rat liver and pancreas were also observed.

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Ninety six oocytes from 44 females were cultured in various hours in the chemically defined medium. Ultrastructures of the cultured oocytes were observed by both transmission and scanning electron microscopes. After 40 hours of culture, some of them resumed meiosis and reached to the second meiotic metaphase. The figure of clearly arborizating microvilli were observed. Tubular aggregates existed more in the matured oocyte than the follicular oocyte. The annulate lamellae could not be found in the present study. Other structures such as the granulosa cells, zona pellucida, cytoplasmic organelles and nucleus showed almost the same figures as observed in other studies.

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The surface of the human female reproductive tract was observed by scanning electron microscope and the following results were obtained.
1) The lining epithelium of the Fallopian tube was composed with two cell types: the ciliated cells and the non-ciliated cells. The ciliated cells were most abundant on the fimbrial surface and showed the tendency to de crease in the number towards the utero-tubal junction.
2) The lining cells of the Fallopian tube would secrete through the micro and macroaprocrine secretions.
3) On the uterine endometrium, the ciliated cells distributed in high con centration, especially, around the opening of the uterine gland as it would be suitable to transport the secretions from the uterine glands.
4) The non-ciliated cells showed the bulbous surface, the macroapocrine secretion, at the secretory phase.
5) Scanning electron microscope is a powerful weapon to investigate in the field of the reproductive biology.

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