The purpose of this study is to verify the historical process of making the policy of the sports industry in China. The results are summarized as follows: The sports administration of China began to develop an industrial policy of “diversified management of sports” in the beginning of the 1980s. This was for changing the economic structure of sports in China, based on the “reform and release”route introduced in 1978. When the “sports system reform” occurred in the middle of the 1980s, the “socialization of sports” was established as an important measure concerned with sports system reform. It stated that funds for sports should be widely collected from the society, rather than from the budget of national finance. In the beginning of the 1990s, the “socialist market economy system” was introduced, and it has become the national economic policy through the promotion of tertiary industry. Therefore, deeper development was brought about, and the policy of the “industrialization of sports” was instituted and it formed a model for sports industrial policy in China. Since then, sports industrial activity has become active in China, developing the industrialization of sports . In 1995, the “sports industry development essentials”, was established as a basic policy of China sports, by means of which the figure of the China sports industrial policy was clearly shown. On the basis of this, the development of the China sports industrial policy continues to make progress at present too.

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This paper shows the process of the promotion of sports equipment sales and popularization of sports in Kochi Prefecture during the period 1918-1926 by examining advertisements that appeared in the Kochi Newspaper and Kochi Kyoiku (Education in Kochi), a local journal published by the Kochi Association of Education. Sales of sports equipment can be traced back to the 1910s, and during the 1920s they grew strongly. As far as this period is concerned, it was ordinary shops and teaching aid/material retailers that started to place advertisements for sports equipment . As sales grew, their advertisements were taken over by those of particular dealers of sports apparatus. Among them were dealers who not only sold sports equipment produced in other prefectures or imported from abroad, but who also set out to sell their own products, with their emphasis on producing gym suits. The collected advertisements show that in Kochi Prefecture, baseball and tennis played the central role in sports through the 1910s, and then athletics, swimming, table tennis, soccer, and mountain climing gained in popularity around 1920, followed by the addition of volleyball, basketball and indoor baseball in the following year. It is also shown that these sports were played at schools, military bases, government and public offices, newspaper offices and hospitals.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the characteristics of baseball bats on swing. The subjects were five skilled baseball players. An experimental bat was provided, which made it possible to set up nine conditions for the position of the center of gravity and the mass. The behaviors of the bat during swings were analyzed with DLT method using two cameras, and the three-dimensional kinematical data were calculated at the impact to ball and during swinging the bat. The main results were as follows :1) There were a few cases in which the angular velocity of the bat at the time of impact had an effect on the position of the center of gravity or the mass of the bat.2) In the case in which the characteristics of the bat had an effect on the swing speed at the impact, it had a favorable effect on the behavior of the bat during swing.3) It was not found that the characteristics of the bat had an effect on the accuracy at the impact.

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This study indicates the developments in sports online institutions, under the dramatically changed sports online business environment of 2000. The online business involves great uncertainty and change. Under these circumstances, the traditional mass communication players, such as broadcasters, have aggressively participated in the online sports business because they expect a valuable financial potential in the critical transition from the analog to digital society. This research attempts to understand (1) why media developed the sports online business (2) what are the main strategies in managing sports online businesses and (3) what are the prospects for the future . To seek answers to these questions, the researchers conducted multiple case studies of sports online institutions through in-depth interviews with sports online companies' executives in the summer of 2000, when the dot.com myth for success was still high. By analyzing richer qualitative interview data, this research explicated what and how such executives really thought about this new type of sports business. This study demonstrates that the sports online business is not an exception to the game rule that the larger it is, the stronger it will be. There exits a general idea that the Internet enables one to create a new business model. This study, however, found that the traditional business model utilizing the branding strategy of large media or well-established business corporations is the key to being successful in sports online business.

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This study investigated the effectiveness of a 10-weeklong intervention resistance and aerobic exercise program called "Raku-Raku Genki Undou" with regard to morph physical fitness, ultrasound bone measurement, ADL score and lifestyle on 56 women in their sixties living in four towns of Kimotsuki County, Kagoshima Prefecture. They participated in a low-intensity resistance and aerobic exercise program as well as a stretching and physical activity game once a week. They were also instructed to practice a basic resistance training program, walking and stretching more than once a week at home. The participants showed significant increases in grip strength(15.6%), knee-extension strength(11.2%), and ultrasonic bone value(2.2%). They also showed improvement in ADL abilities and in their life style. The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of this program for older adults in their sixties.

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The purpose of this study was to propose an accounting model for assessing the effects of public investment in promoting comprehensive community sports clubs (CCSC). The authors were involved in a case of CCSC promotion in Tokorozawa-City, Saitama, Japan, and pointed out the inherent problems in the accounting of a CCSC promotion. In conventional accounts, the items of expenditure were classified in order to assess expenses properly for the government authorities, but not to assess the investing effect on the public community. This study presented the desirable items of income and expenditure. Also, financial indicators were proposed for analyzing the appropriate management.

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