Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry
Online ISSN : 1884-2534
Print ISSN : 1343-0688
ISSN-L : 1343-0688
Volume 21, Issue 1
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
Review
  • Kazuhiro HARADA, Ai SHIBATA, Yoshio NAKAMURA
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 1-7
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        The purpose of this review article is to describe the background and trends of physical activity and environment studies in the health promotion area. Because environmental factors are expected to have a long-term and substantial impact on large population, the importance of environment as a determinant of physical activity is highlighted. Previous studies have developed questionnaires for evaluating perceived environment, examined objectively assessed environmental factors, and identified environmental attributes specific to certain behavior. More recently, longitudinal studies, intervention studies, studies examining moderators, and studies investigating the effects on various outcomes have been conducted. The importance of developing effective strategies for changing the neighborhood environment itself is pointed out.
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Original Papers
  • Mitsuo IWAHARA, Yukihiro SAITO, Akio NAGAMATSU
    2010 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 9-17
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        Golfers choose their clubs according to their feelings. The impact sound of the club with a ball greatly affects such feelings. Sound simulation of the impact sound is needed at the design stage, but it has been very difficult to simulate this using the commercial methods of the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Boundary Element Method (BEM) . In our laboratory, this simulation is accomplished practically with the use of a personal computer. First, surface velocity is computed by the theory of Modal Analysis. Second, sound pressure is computed by the theory of the velocity potential method. Third, these data are inverse Fourier transformed to time domain data, which can then be listened to. This simulation is programmed using Fortran. The practicability of this program is examined by use of a simple model. Simulated surface velocity is compared with experimental values. They are found to be almost coincident, except for the higher frequencies, where they are less coincident. This is because in the high frequency domain FEM is not so accurate and identification of the modal damping ratio becomes difficult. In the comparison of sound pressure, also in the high frequency domain differences from the experiments still occur because of FEM error and experimental error. Next, the driver club without shaft is examined. The biggest resonance peak is simulated correctly and the sounds are found to be almost same, but higher modes are not as coincident.
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  • Noritaka TADA
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 19-26
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        Utilizing a developed simulator, beginners can practice skiing indoors easily and safely, and can receive instruction in skiing by means of artificial intelligence. This simulator has a function which measures the skier′s postures and skiing operations. The simulator is driven by solving the equation of motion about skiing. The simulator creates virtual skiing slope scenes by means of computer graphics, and displays them on the skier′s head-mounted display. By watching these virtual scenes the skier feels a sense of the motion of skiing, virtually. Furthermore, the skier is really rotated in the direction calculated by the motor of the simulator. In order to attach the function of skiing instruction to the simulator, artificial intelligence technology is used. This paper proposes describing the knowledge of skiing instruction by using frames and production rules, and applying an expert system. The data the simulator measures and calculates is sent to the expert system. The expert system applies the production rules responding to the phase of the ski′s turns, the skier′s operations and postures, and then advises the skier by the artificial voice of a computer.
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  • Yumi KATAYAMA, Kazuhiro HARADA, Yoshio NAKAMURA
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 27-39
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    PURPOSE :The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of leisure activity-related information obtained by mobile phone on motivational readiness among people aged 40-59 who did not intend to do exercise.
    METHODS : The study was an interventional study, targeted at the registrants at a Japanese social research company. The respondents were 750 adults in precontemplation (PC) stage regarding stages of change for exercise behavior (aged 40-59) at baseline (T1) , divided between the intervention group (n=215) and the control group (n=535) . The intervention was applied for 8 weeks. The intervention group received 16 messages about leisure activity associated with motivational readiness of exercise behavior among those in PC (Harada and Nakamura, 2009 ; Harada, et al., 2010) . Online questionnaire surveys were conducted in T1 and 8 weeks (T2) . Primary outcome showed stages of change (PC to over contemplation) at T2, compared by x2 test.
    RESULTS : At T2, while 26.5% moved from PC to over contemplation in the control group, 54.9% of the intervention group moved to over contemplation (p<0.001) .
    CONCLUSION : These results indicate that encouraging interests in leisure activity can positively affect improvement of motivational readiness for exercise behavior among those in PC.
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Research Notes
  • Takeshi HARA, Kazuhiro HARADA, Yoshiyuki MANO, Yoshio NAKAMURA
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 41-48
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        The purpose of this study was 1) to examine whether parents have the intention to recommend resistance training (RT) as the circuit training (CT) program for their children, and 2) to identify the perception of resistance training associated with the intention.
        The participants were 694 parents of children attending public elementary school in Tokyo. Questionnaire survey was conducted. Research items were 1) perception of Children′s RT, 2) perception of Children′s training (9 items) , 3) intention to recommend Children′s CT program. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify the perceptions related to intention to recommend.
        As results, the answers of 403 participants were valid. Regarding the perception of Children′s RT, 45.1% of participants’ answers were negative, and 9.7% were positive. In contrast, regarding the intention to recommend Children′s CT program, 9.6% were negative, and 43.2% were positive. Among the perceptions, enjoyment of RT (OR=4.32 ; %CI=2.38-7.85) , RT for busy children (OR=3.16 ; %CI=1.79-5.59) , RT for health promotion (OR=3.02; %CI=1.02-8.94) , RT of continuance to adult (OR=2.07 ; %CI=1.13-3.79) , and RT for prevention of injury and disability (OR=2.02 ; %CI=1.02-4.03) were significantly associated with the intention. No significant associations were observed with perception of Children′s RT (OR=2.73 ; %CI=0.95-7.85) and safety of RT (OR=1.52 ; %CI=0.73-3.19) .
        These results indicate that there would be a possibility to provide the RT through the CT program even if the perception of parents toward child RT is negative, that enjoyment of RT might be more important than safety of RT for promoting the direct intention.
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  • Chuichi ARIYOSHI, Daisuke NAKAJIMA, Yusuke IBUKI, Mitsunori MATSUNO
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 49-56
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        Sports cannot survive without the support of the sports goods industry, but there has been little research about this industry. In this paper, we discuss some basic considerations about the sports goods industry; the structure of the industry and the strategy of major firms in the industry; and present some financial data. We report the following five findings: First, there are many private companies in this industry, so it is difficult to discuss this industry on the basis of financial data. Second, there is an oligopoly structure in the industry, partly because of the many M&As occurring these days. Third, the major players in this industry, such as Adidas and Nike, are considered to be wholesalers. They don’ t have many assets like factories or retail shops. Fourth, some firms have many goods for many sports, but other firms concentrate on a few kinds of goods or sports, so there are full-line firms and niche firms in this industry. Fifth and finally, some firms operate their business around the world, but others are still interested in their own country, so there are global firms and domestic firms. Discussion of these issues and proposals for future research are also presented.
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Case Reports
  • Emi HONME, Hiroto SHOJI, Yoshiyuki MANO, Yoshio NAKAMURA
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 57-66
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of introduction of Compulsory Competitive tendering (CCT) on “existing” and “new” customers’ satisfaction in a public sports center. A questionnaire (consisting of 19 items) and interview was conducted in “A” sports center, which introduced CCT in April 2006. The survey before CCT was conducted in February 2006 and after CCT in every February of 2007, 2008, and 2009. In total, 1,941 respondents answered the questionnaire. The interviews were conducted by facility managers in June 2007 and May 2008.
    Results of ANOVA and two-way ANOVA were following ;
    —  For “existing” customers, the mean scores of 9 items were significantly higher after CCT than before, but “Number of people in the pool” , “Number of people in the activity spaces” , and “Overall satisfaction” showed opposite results.
    —  For “new” customers, there were significant differences in 3 items. For example, the mean scores of items about staff in 2007 and 2008 were lower than in 2006.
    —  From two-way ANOVA, there ware interaction between <existing/new> and <year> in four items. This suggests that the effect of the CCT on customers’ satisfaction of “existing” customers and “new” customers was not the same.
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  • Masayo KINOSHITA, Yoshio NAKAMURA
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 67-72
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        For frail elderly, long-term support is important for maintaining an independent and active life. From April of 2008, the local government of Ichikawa-City held a new exercise program called the "Iki-Iki Kenkou Kyoshitsu (Classroom for Healthy Living) , C class ", which consisted mainly of sitting exercises. The number of participants has been favorably increasing. As the results, the program was held at five sites (seven classes) in May of 2010. Moreover, most of the participants reported favorable changes in both physical and psychological aspects. The satisfaction with the program contributed to the increase of the participants.
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Forum
  • Toyokazu ISHIHARA
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 73-84
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        Independent baseball leagues were established in Japan after the decline of the industrial league because of the recession in the 1990′s and confusion about the reorganization of the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) in 2004. Though four leagues have been inaugurated up to now, their management situation is not strong and several teams face a crisis situation.
        This paper discusses a future view of community-based small sports businesses and a strategy for sustenance through comparison of minor league business in Japan and North America, based on fieldwork carried out in 2009 from a perspective that considered independent baseball leagues that have attracted attention in recent years and farm leagues of the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) as “Minor Leagues” .
        This paper introduces the marketing strategies of MLB utilizing farm teams, and the management of 3A class minor league baseball teams linked to the activation strategy of the franchise city and current states of minor league business differentiated from major league business as an amusement commodity. Furthermore, problems about independent leagues in Japan not yet established as sport businesses are presented.
        For the development of minor league business in Japan in the future, it will be necessary to evaluate the commercial value of the NPB’ s farm team and improve cooperation with independent leagues as the talent reservoir.
         Considering the decline of corporate sports, the reduction of participants due to falling birthrate, the decrease in popularity of baseball and the subsidy reduction to Olympic sports by journalizing of national projects, the environments surrounding sports in Japan at present are becoming more severe. Though it seems that the role of minor leagues as starting points for the local activation of sports and as receivers of athletes after graduation as well as player supply sources for the top leagues will grow in the future, in these situations a clear view of the future cannot be drawn yet.
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  • Erina SAITO, Yoshio NAKAMURA
    2011 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 85-90
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
        In this article, the authors introduce an interesting and fresh marketing approach for the running market. Adidas, one of the world’ s top sports brands, conducted consumer research on 1,000 runners from all over Japan and released a previously unknown fact that 80% of Japanese general runners were sharing the same inner problems such as, “I had lost my aim or purpose in running” , “I was uncertain of appropriate running techniques” and “I was not realizing any benefit from running.” Adidas set this large group as their primary target consumers. Then, they used the name “Meiso Runners” and promoted this concept in the mass media as a highly influential communication technique.
        They executed the marketing communication activities with using “Strategic PR” for their service and products. They created the concept of “Meiso Runners” , and consequently they made a strong impact on the running market through the big media coverage and achieved a great success in their business; increasing their sales to 120% of the previous year.
        It is believed that by creating the concept of “Meiso Runners” and by clearly defining the concerns of this group of runners, Adidas was able to catapult running into discussions across a broad spectrum of society, and acquire awareness about which of their products and services provided ideal solutions to meet the runners’ needs.
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