A sound simulation program has been developed in our research in response to the high demands for predicting the sound that radiates from golf clubs during the design phases. Our prior studies have confirmed that each simulated sound is closely similar to the experimental sound in cases of a simple flat plate, a one-end enclosed cylinder and iron club heads, with respect to the frequency 12KHz spectrums. In the case of radiated sound from a titanium driver head, the dominant frequency component of sound pressure is set at around 4000Hz. However, the dominant component for our simulated sound is lower than that of measured sound. In this paper, the difference between the simulation and experiments is investigated. We also figure out a way to improve our model accuracy with respect to golf driver hitting sound. Regarding a cylinder model which is closed at one bottom end and is assumed as the pre-study golf head model, the mass of a Finite Element (FE) model is increased by 0.45% if welded parts are implemented in the model. However, the sound frequency spectrum of the FE model with welded parts is increased by 300Hz, since the parts are expected to increase the modal stiffness. The dominant peak frequency of our improved model is almost the same as that of experimental data. This modal shape corresponds to a vibrating membrane. The mode has one edge, and no nodal diameters. This mode is also expected to influence hitting performance.

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    We propose a method that can be diagnosed in a simple spread foot to prevent failure in such as sports injuries. In addition, to clarify the boundary value that can be used to predict spread foot and its reliability, we report on our investigation of the effects of merger rate and location of pain and other diseases, using a 6-minute walk distance.
    Measurement of spread foot is measurement by using the spread angle and spread rate. We checked spread rate and the spread angle at the first and fifth metatarsal angles of the X-ray with correlation. And then we calculated by the regression equation metrics of spread foot. In the case of spread foot, to see the complications of other diseases, we observed the correlation high rate medial longitudinal arch, first toe angle and fifth toe angle. We also observed the merger rate of flatfoot deformity, hallux valgus deformity, and digitus quintus varus.
    We also examined the occurrence of pain and the occurrence of callus of spread foot. Furthermore, we observed the correlation between the angle of M1-M5 using the 6-minute walk distance test.
    The subjects were 9 men and 48 women who had been diagnosed with spread foot. 62 foot of them were examined in this study.
    As a result, spread rate was r = 0.535733. Spread angle was r = 0.653131. The results indicated on the index with over 40.9% spread rate and over 15°spread angles. Spread foot merger rate was higher for flat foot, hallux valgus, and digitus quintus varus. There were many cases of second metatarsal bone pain and first metatarsal bone pain.
    Prediction of degradation mechanisms of the arch could be made on the basis of flat foot with talus sliding down by the subtalar joint pronation and pushing the adjacent navicular bone to the lower part. It was thought that the drop of the horizontal arch navicular bone was pushed to the lower part. Appearance of the hallux valgus and digitus quintus was predicted by the drop of the horizontal arch.

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    The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of watching an exhibition match by coaches on tennis club members.
    In order to examine that, we conducted 3 studies as follows:
【Study 1】: To make a hypothesis about the influence of watching an exhibition match by coaches on club members, we conducted interview researches for spectators in the exhibition match of November 2011.
【Study 2】: To test the hypothesis quantitatively, we staged an exhibition match again and carried out a questionnaire survey for tennis club members before and after the exhibition match.
【Study 3】: To supplement Study 1 and Study 2, we conducted interview research for coaches of players in the exhibition match and to clarify the influence of watching the exhibition match on club members, from the standpoint of coaches.
    As a result, the main findings are summarized as follows. First, watching an exhibition match by coaches affects “tennis commitment (watching) ” , “respect” , “psychological distance for coaches” , and “attitude for tennis” among club members. In addition, watching an exhibition match by coaches affects “Trigger of Skill Mastery” and “to break out from routine” . Therefore, staging an exhibition match could be effective as a strategy in club management.

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    The aim of this study was to develop a scale for measuring the team image of excellent sport groups. We tried to focus on “image” and we created a new scale named the “Sports Team Image Scale” to assess excellent team images.
    First, 28 items were developed through a brainstorming investigation by a graduate student and 3 student athletes about how excellent teams were. In order to ensure objectivity, the group of items collected and created was closely examined by one university teacher from an area of study other than sports, 5 university teachers who specialized in sports and 4 graduate students in the same fields regarding whether the items expressed “excellent teams” or not.
    These items then were administered to 126 student athletes (Mage=19.36±0.94, 66% male) . Using factor analysis, and in order to extract objective images of group members, we asked for responses using an open-ended investigation, “What were the impressive events you experienced while you were involved in the club’ s activities?” It was determined that the scale had 2 factors (team performance and team balance: r=.693) . Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient was greater than .80 for 2 factors.
    In the main research, the scale was administered to 603 students (Mage=19.26±1.08, 51% male) involved in athletic clubs in the Kanto area of Japan. A factor analysis revealed that the 14 items could be separated into 2 factors (team performance and team balance : r=.693) . We replicated the two factor structure from our preliminary evaluation of the scale.
    Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient was greater than .80 for both subscales. In addition, significant correlations were observed between our scale and the GEQ, Therefore, the construct validity of that scale was moderately supported.

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    The aim of this study was to examine visual search behavior of experienced basketball players when they rebound a basketball by using an eye-movement registration system. In basketball games, the possession of the rebounding ball provides one of the most important statistical data needed to win games. In order to get the rebounding ball, the player is required both to perceive temporal and spatial information through a complex visual field and to react to an opponent player immediately. Therefore, the seven male subjects’ experimental task was to block, or so called “box-out,” the opponent offensive player under 3 randomized tactical plays in basketball 3-on-3 situations. Subjects’ athletic careers ranged from 8 to 12 years (mean ± SD : 9.70 ± 1.50 years) . A subject, a defensive player, was fitted with an eye-tracking device (EMR-9, NAC Inc.) to acquire his viewing point for the detection of visual search behaviors. Subjects’ kinematic data was also captured by 3 video cameras (S21, CANON, 60Hz) . The results showed that experienced players could react to the opponent player before the shooter’ s ball release timing quickly, almost without viewing the shooter. Experienced players showed constant fixations, fixation duration and fixation locations before the shooter released the ball, and the distribution of experienced players’ viewing points was set at a spatial area between the shooter and the opponent player under 3 tactical plays. These results indicated that experienced players utilized the properties of an ambient vision system immediately for receiving visual information broadly in order to coordinate their actions ahead of the shooter and the opponent player action under the tactical situation. An effective visual search behavior is therefore an important factor in improving quick action in this task constraint.

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    The purpose of this study was to investigate why coaches obtain qualifications, and to clarify the effect of coaches’ attributes on their doing so.
    In this study, we used 455 samples from the data of JASA’ s research, which was conducted by random sampling in 2008.
    Logistic regression was used in this study, and sex, age, and place of activity were adopted for explanatory variables. We found that these variables had significant effect on reasons for obtaining qualifications in 5 of 11 items (ex. “to get social trust” , “advantageous in getting job” .) The main results were following;
1) Coaches’ main reason for obtaining qualification was improving their qualities.
2) Gender did not have significant effects on any of the 11 items.
3) School coach and 40s age group had significant effect on “qualification is necessary for getting along in the game.”

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    The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of exercise behavior on body image among female fitness club members in Japan and South Korea. Based on a survey conducted in the two countries, statistical analyses revealed that, for Japanese female members, their exercise performance had a positive impact on body image. However, for Korean female members, their body image was not affected by their exercise performance. These results provided some suggestions for improving the fitness club marketing strategy in both Japan and South Korea.

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    Hawaii’ s Honolulu Marathon, first held in 1973, has become an international mega sports event. December 2011’ s Honolulu Marathon registered 22,615 participants from all over the world, including 12,360 Japanese runners. Hawaii is one of the most popular tourist destinations for Japanese tourists, and participants in the Honolulu Marathon enjoy being tourists as well as marathoners. While there is a voluminous academic literature on the motivation and constraints associated with sports events participation, only a few authors have examined participant motivation or constraints in terms of international sports events. This study examines participant motivation and constraints as both marathoner and tourist. Data were gathered from 218 participants (107 participants in 2010 and 111 participants in 2011) in the Japan Tourist Bureau’ s Honolulu Marathon tour, and subjected to factor analysis. Five sports motivations (running involvement, socialization, self-development, excitement, commitment to the Honolulu Marathon) , five tourist motivations (escape, relaxation, culture learning, shopping & gourmet, kinship with family and friends) , and five constraints (marathon event information, tourist information, companions, safety & culture differences, and financial issues) were extracted from explanatory factor analysis (EFA) . Some differences in terms of each factor were observed in relation to demographics such as gender or age category, in particular, factors related to tourist motivations. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) showed that further intention was significantly affected by the interest in the Honolulu Marathon as a sports motivation factor, kinship in terms of tourist motivation factor, and marathon information as a constraint factor. It also demonstrated that their satisfaction was significantly influenced by marathon interest, excitement and tourist information. These results not only provide an insight into the Honolulu Marathon’ s event management planning, but also demonstrate the extraordinary brand value this event has among Japanese participants.

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    The purpose of the study was to clarify the influence of participating in a tennis competition on tennis participants from the viewpoints of participant motives, continuance intentions, and frequency of participation.
    We analyzed differences of participant motives, continuance intentions, and frequency of participation for tennis between before participating in a competition and after participating in the competition for tennis participants. The concrete method of investigation was to carry out a questionnaire survey to compare “club members participating in the competition” with “club members not participating in the competition” . Data were examined for significance by two-way ANOVA and multiple comparison tests.
    As a result, the main findings are summarized as follows:
1) Participating in competition lead to improving skill mastery and social facilitation in participant motives for tennis.
2) Having plans for participating in competition lead to inhibiting depression of continuance intentions for tennis during the period before the competition.
3) Having plans for participating in competition lead to improving frequency of participation in tennis during the period before the competition.

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    This case study explored the effects of a short workshop-style facilitation program to improve the sense of unity among collegiate track and field athletes. The participants were 14 female athletes who were affiliated with a university track and field club (mean age = 19.43 ± 1.22 years) . Our theme for program day 1 was : “to identify positive cores.” Our themes for program day 2 were : “to imagine what we can be” and “to declare what we should be.” We collected data on the program’ s pros and cons from open-ended questionnaires. Content analysis was made by the KJ method ( “card making” and “grouping and naming” ) . The KJ method was used by one university lecturer who specialized in psychology and by two graduate students whose majors were sports science. Based on the KJ method, our data were sorted into five categories : “to be able to communicate” , “to produce a better atmosphere” , “to be able to re-realize” , “to be able to understand another’ s attitude” , and “to be able to think in terms of their future.” In order to develop an effective team-building program, more studies should be conducted.

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    In recent years professional baseball leagues have been started in some areas in which baseball has been considered to be unpopular.
    Alan Klein, an authority on the study of the globalization of baseball, claims that baseball diffusion will be promoted in developing areas where it promotes escape from poverty, and that it is hard to envision baseball’ s diffusion and the development of professional baseball business in developed countries, especially in Europe, which is proud of the overwhelming popularity of football.
    However, in practice, new professional baseball leagues have been started in some economically rich countries in the 2000s. This paper analyzes the Italian Baseball League (IBL) , which started its inaugural season in 2010, in order to investigate the background of the rise of new professional leagues in developed countries and the prospects for their future.
    This paper claims the factors promoting the diffusion of baseball in Europe and the foundation of the professional league in Italy are; 1) Expansion of a network of scouting and marketing by the MLB, 2) Job shortages for younger people, accompanied by the rationalization of the selection of professional athletes as an unstable job with low wages. Considering these factors, we can envision the development of small-scale professional baseball business in areas where baseball has not traditionally been popular. Along with the expansion of the international flow of players in the baseball world, such as through the MLB in which players can expect high remuneration, the development of a semi-professional system in which players can get jobs during the baseball season is also suggested.

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    The purpose of the present article was to describe the process of developing and implementing a comprehensive regional sports club founded with parent-child coaching participation in Sagamihara City, Kanagawa Prefecture.
    The survey was carried out from Sept. 10 to October 24, 2011. Operational materials analysis was used in interviewing management and participants. The number of members was 20 in the year 2000 and it increased to 794 in 2011. The all-parents coaching system was used to promote "father′s whereabouts and exchange" and sports activities for children.

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    Within universities and colleges in North America so-called campus recreation departments, under the student affairs division, exist on campuses. in addition to the athletic departments, in order to provide general students, faculty, and staff members with recreational sports activities. Seventy-five (75%) of U.S. students are participating in campus recreation programs. The purpose of this paper is to understand recent trends regarding campus recreation programs in the U.S. The following are the main findings:
    Campus recreational programs consist of fitness, open recreation, intramural leagues, sports clubs, aqua programs, outdoor programs, and others. Sports activities with higher participation rates among female students were fitness programs, including cardio-training and weight training followed by group exercise. Those among male students were fitness programs including weight training and cardio-training, followed by open recreation and intramural leagues. In intramural leagues, male leagues had the highest numbers of participating teams. Co-ed leagues had more teams than female leagues.
    Sports clubs exist for each kind of sport. Although those clubs are managed by students voluntarily, there is a great deal of involvement of the campus recreation department. In terms of usage time slots, early evening was the most frequently used slot, followed by afternoon (2 pm to 5 pm) . Revenue structures for campus recreation consist of student usage fees, subsidiaries from general students activity fees, non-student membership fees, etc. Campus recreation program has been implemented as one of the student affairs functions.

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