The purpose of this article was to introduce the role and importance of physical literacy in Canadian Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) and physical education, and to consider the applicability of physical literacy in Japanese athlete development and physical education.
    Physical literacy can be described as “the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life”. The concept is recognized as the foundation for LTAD. However, the effectiveness of LTAD and physical literacy have not been made clear because there has been no concrete measurement.
    On the other hand, in a physical education setting, recent studies have recommended the assessment of outcomes of physical education by the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL). If the reliability and validity of CAPL is confirmed, further studies are expected to procced in the fields of LTAD and physical education.
    In conclusion, there are a lot of research subjects within LTAD and physical education settings, while the attention to physical literacy is increasing. Therefore, the applicability of physical literacy in Japanese athlete development and physical education needs to be considered with careful attention to future research trends. In addition, the discussion on sharing the goal of developing physical literacy between athlete development and physical education is one of the important issues.

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    The present study explored the factors related to realizing sport-life balance. It used semi-structured interviews of collegiate athletes, former collegiate athletes, and their entourage. We recruited eight participants who belonged to the athletic club of a university and participated in a national convention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for about 60 minutes per person. The participants were asked about the facilitators or barriers to fulfillment in both competitive and non-competitive life, strategies used to become fulfilled in both areas, and the state that fulfilled them in both areas. The KJ method was used to categorize the responses of the participants. “Acquaintanceship as an athlete,” “athletic,” “life,” and “social” were identified as important facilitator and barrier factors to achieve fulfillment in both areas and strategies to attain fulfillment. Additionally, “accomplishment” and “process” were identified as states that fulfilled people in both lives. In the future, it will be important to conduct quantitative surveys and implement initiatives on dual careers among collegiate athletes based on the present study.

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    The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among perceived motivational climates, individual and social orientations, and adjustment to university athletic clubs. We set a basic study model that the presence of motivational climates would promote individual and social orientations, which in turn would increase student athletes’ adjustment to athletic clubs. The participants were 269 university athletes and they completed a questionnaire (including questions about motivational climate in university athletic club, sports individual and social orientation scale, and adjustment scale to college club activities). The validity of this model was verified using structural equation modeling. The model was demonstrated to be valid. Furthermore, the results of this study suggested the following processes: (1) Coach’ s promotion of task orientation had a positive influence on adjustment to coach relationships, whereas the coach’s promotion of performance orientation and recognition had a negative influence on adjustment to coach relationships. (2) The cooperation and recognition had a positive influence on adjustment to teammate relationships. (3) The cooperation and competition had a positive influence on adjustment to club practice environment, whereas the coach’s promotion of performance orientation had negative influence on adjustment to club practice environment. (4) The cooperation, recognition, and competition had a positive influence on social orientation, which in turn had a positive influence on adjustment to coach relationships, adjustment to teammate relationships, and adjustment to club a practice environment. (5) The competition had a positive influence on individual orientation, which in turn had a positive influence on adjustment to coach relationships, adjustment to teammate relationships, and adjustment to club practice environment. In conclusion, to enhance university athletes’ adjustment in university athletic clubs, it is important for coaches to cultivate a climate of cooperation, recognition, and competition in university athletic clubs. Moreover, it is important to improve the social orientation of university athletes.

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    This study was intended to clarify the conflict between education and business in high school sports by analyzing how high school sports are reported in the mass media and newspapers, and the social consciousness of high school sports, based on words used in these newspaper articles.
    The research was performed by examining articles from 1990 to 2015 in two newspapers, the Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun, to perform comparative content analyses of ［1］ change over time in the number of articles each newspaper printed concerning “high school sports,” ［2］ characteristics of frequently occurring words in articles on “high school sports” in the two newspapers, and ［3］ by setting a media frame based on cluster analysis, change over time of education-related terms, and business-related terms.
    The results clearly show that an increase in the appearance of the term “high school sports” when associated with business is a characteristic trend and that if terms related to business in newspaper articles are used more frequently, the frequency of terms concerning education also tends to increase. Consequently, it can be concluded that the relationship between education and business in high school sports is, at the social consciousness level, characterized by an antagonistic structure and it is definitely an antagonistic relationship.

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    This research clarifies on-site measurement and outstanding issues of corporate sports from a human resources management perspective through extracting concepts from a case study of employment of top athletes by Athnavi, an employment support program managed by the Japanese Olympic Committee (JOC), as a new model of corporate sports. Semi-structured interviews were used to make coding on a word-for-word record, and qualitative analysis was conducted. As a result of coding, the major classification was divided into: (1) meaning of top athlete employment, (2) measures of human resources management and (3) problems of (2). Secondary and tertiary classifications were divided into seven and ten items, respectively. Then, a summary table of the interview results was drawn up. Examination of the table revealed that there were similarities and differences between companies with and without experience in corporate sports, while each company’s measurement of human resources management was diversified. There were no significant differences in terms of measures and problems of human resources management between companies with and without experience in corporate sports, except for one company that incorporated an Athnavi athlete into the framework of existing corporate sports management. However, a difference could emerge between these companies in the future, because the former have knowledge and know-how of human resources management for top athletes accumulated through experience, as well as former corporate sports athletes within the company organizations who can serve as role models. Moreover, two issues which likely will be solved in the future were indicated, namely; (1) operation of new human resources management for companies that do not have an existing framework for human resources management for top athletes, and (2) education of top athletes taking into account their long-term careers.

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