After the war, the outline of the occupation policy of the Allies was instituted in promoting Japan's demilitarization and emocratization. As for physical education and sports, the sports that were regarded as ones to further democratization replaced military training and Budo, and they were promoted. It was essential for this promotion to supply sporting goods that were in great demand in those days in Japan. The purpose of this study was to clarify the measures taken by the CIE to supply sporting goods in Japan under the occupation, focusing on the activities of CIE officers regarding physical education. The process was examined through an analysis of the documents of the GHQ/SCAP. The results of this study are summarized as follows:1)The CIE officer for physical education (J.W.Norviel) worked actively on this issue. He began to conduct research and studies on sporting goods in February 1946 and drew up a supply plan for sporting goods over the next 15 months at the conference in September of that year. This plan was sufficiently systematic and concrete to guide the production of the goods of sports events to which priority should be given and to determine the amount of this production. The plan was controlled, and it provided an economic policy for that time. This plan placed goods of baseball, which has been popular among Japanese, and simple games introduced after the war, as the higher priority sporting goods.2)This plan, however, was not pursued smoothly from the beginning. The major factors found were the following : One was the critical shortage of materials, such as leather, rubber, and textile required for production of these goods in Japan at that time. In addition, these scarce materials were also wanted by other industries. Another was Japan's stagnating economic conditions after the war. Therefore, the officers (J.W.Norviel and W.J.Graham) expended their efforts in securing materials required for the production of sporting goods, by using goods the U.S.military had parted with and by studying substitute goods. They handled even the black market, which also created an important problem in supplying sporting goods. However, the delay in the import of the materials, inadequate responses to the black market, and the lack of facilities and funds of the Japanese sporting goods manufactures hindered the plan in being pursued smoothly.3) No long-term supply plans of sporting goods have been seen since 1948. It should be considered that the supply plans were developed according to conditions of scarce materials and needs for sporting products. These plans gave consideration to the traditional supply conditions of placing excessive emphasis on baseball goods and the shortage of school sports goods, and made reviews of the supply of sporting products. When domestic production was recovering in 1949, control of economic policy was eased. As for sporting goods, rationing of leather sport goods was ceased in April 1949. Although it is hard to see the movement after the abolishment of the Physical Education Bureau in July 1949, it was decided to decontrol ski implements and accessories in August and to cease the rationing of rubber sport goods in December. Therefore, the officer (W.Neufeld) seems to have accepted gradually the relaxation of control in supplying the goods, even with care about problems accompanied the end of rationing, including the bottleneck in supplying sports products to schools.

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In drop landing studies, control of rotary stability based on the net effect of the three joint moments has not been previously investigated. Ashby & Heegaard(2002) quantified rotary stability in a standing long jump study by using the moment about the center of mass by ground reaction force (M_CM). The purpose of the present study was to investigate rotary stability by M_CM and the lower extremity joint moments, as well as the effects of the joint moments on rotary stability. Ten healthy male sublects(age;22.9±0.99yr, body mass;mass 68.2±7.00kg, and height;174.5±3.57cm)participated.A fbrce platform(Kistler type 9287BA&9281CA, Kistler Instnlments, Switzerland)was used to measure ground reaction fbrces(GRF)at 1kHz. Also, two high speed cameras(FASTCAM, Photron, Japan)were used to record human motions at 0.25kHz. Each subject performed stiff and soft drop landings from a platfbrm (0.48m). In stiff landing, as much as possible, the subjects did not flex their joints. On the other hand, in soft landing the subjects used joint flexions to attenuate impact. Joint moments were calculated using an inverse dynamic analysis. In addition, M_CM was calculated by vector product of the position vector from the whole body center of mass to the center of pressure and GRF. The M_CM in backward direction was larger in stiff landing than in soft landing. In addition, when the hip joint moment increased, the knee joint moment decreased. On the contrary, when the hip joint moment decreased, the knee joint moment increased. Thus, these findings indicate that the coordination of knee flexion joint moment and hip extensor joint moment is an important factor for controlling rotary stability during drop landings.

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The sport teams owned by corporations have contributed to Japanese competitive sports since the Second World War. But in the 1990s some corporations abolished their teams because of the economic recession. In this tough situation, recently those corporations that haven't chosen to discontinue their teams have tried to change "corporate teams" into "club teams" instead of abolishing them. The patterns of club teams are various, but a common element is that they attempt to develop strong connections between the team and their local area. I would like to take up the "Sakai Blazers", which was established in 2000 with the aim of becoming a club team strongly rooted in the local area in the future, after having been a corporate team owned by Shin-nittetsu. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the Sakai Blazers' undertakings focusing on how they raised funds and how they have been acknowledged. The present annual operating expenses of the Blazers are 270 million yen, and almost two-thirds of it is given by Shin-nittetu as advertising expenses, though it has been decided that the funds from Shin-nittetu will be reduced to one-half in 2005. So they have embarked on various new businesses to establish a self-supporting system. For example, they have made a request to the Japan Volleyball Association that V League Organization should adopt a home & away system and admit multiple uniform sponsors. These requests were put into practice in 2003. The Sakai Blazers built up connections with the Sakai City government. They dispatch players to junior high school clubs in Sakai City to teach volleyball, conduct volleyball classes for citizens and hold a sport event called the "Blazers Cup" with funds from the Sakai school board. They put an emblem on the uniforms proclaiming that Sakai would be a city designated by an ordinance, with funds from the city. When the Blazers was established, they had no connections based in the local area, other than that with Shin-nittetu. In three years they set up these financial networks, since positive acknowledgement is indispensable.

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In the U.S. the Healthy People policy has been promoted as a core health-related policy. In order to assist Healthy People, some important reports were published from the second half of the 1990s to 2001, such as the Surgeon General Reports in 1996 and 2001, CDC Guidelines for School and Community Programs Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity in 2000, and a report to the President from the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Education, also in 2000. It is clearly described in these reports that not only public resources, but also those from private sectors, should be utilized to implement those policies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and study the fitness industry activities in the U.S. including: 1) its political activities 2) its lobbing activity partners 3) recent bills supported by the industry. The following are the findings:1) There are two lobbyists working for the industry in Washington. There are four types of fund to assist the political/lobbing activities, such as IHRSA Fund, Independent Club Council (ICC), Industry Leadership Council (ILC) and Political Action Committee (PAC).2) There are three significant lobbing partners. They are the National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (NCPPA), Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association (SGMA) and National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB).3) There are three laws in the health-related area. They are the Eating Disorders Awareness, Prevention, and Education Act (HR873), Obesity Prevention Act (HR2227) and Improved Nutrition and Physical Activity (IMPACT) Act (HR716, S1172). In the health insurance area, there are two laws, which are the House Concurrent Resolution 34, Insurance company (HRC34) and Small Business Health Fairness Act (HR660). In the tax-related area, there are twoof them. They are the Workforce Health Improvement Provision (WHIP) (HR1818, S1491) and the Death Tax Repeal Permanency Act (HR8, S169). In aother category, there is one law called the ADA Notification Act (HR728).

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