This paper analyzes vertical and rotational responses of a bar float to a fish bite. The tackle consists of the float, a main line, a sinker, a hook line, subsinkers, and a hook. Float mass, float diameter, sinker mass, and inclination of float are changed. Vertical responses remain similar except for oscillation frequency, even if the float mass differs. However, visibility improves, especially for a fish bite during a downward wave period, because the float tilted by the drag force moves upright. Similarly, the vertical movement is not affected by sinker masses. However, a light sinker improves visibility because the float more easily tilts and hence moves upright. Smaller float diameters yield more and quicker visibility movement.

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The objective of this study was to measure ball deformation and impact force during the ball impact phase in side-foot soccer kicking, using a three-dimensional analysis technique. Firstly, to examine the method for measuring the three-dimensional position of the center of the ball while the kicking foot contacted the ball, the motion of ball rolling on the ground was captured three-dimensionally at 250fps. The position of the center of the ball was calculated as the point located at 11cm (=radius of the ball) from three markers fixed on the ball surface. It was suggested that in cases when the distances between each marker were more than 8cm, the position of the center of the ball was validly calculated. Also, five experienced male university soccer players performed side-foot kicks using a one-step approach. The kicking motions were captured three-dimensionally by two high-speed cameras at 2500fps. The contact point between the kicking foot and ball was calculated as the intersection point of the perpendicular line dropped from the center of the ball to the medial aspect of the kicking foot. The ball deformation was calculated by subtracting the distance between the center of the ball and the contact point from the radius of the ball. Furthermore, the impact force was calculated from the ball deformation, based on the Hertz contact theory. It was considered that the ball deformation and the impact force measured with these approaches were valid.

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Since the formation of the People's Republic of China, all kinds of lottery had been prohibited in the country as representing a corrupt practice of capitalism. But the Reform Openness policy and the Socialism Market Economy proposed by Deng Xiaoping permitted the introduction of the Sports Lottery in some Chinese provinces from 1984. The purpose of the Sports Lottery was to provide funds, which were necessary to hold different large-scale sports competitions and to build large-sized sport facilities. It was from 1994 that the Chinese government established a formal and national scale system of Sports Lottery. In 1995, the Chinese government promulgated three general plans related to sports ports Industry Development Program", "Olympic Games Program" and "National Fitness Promotion Program". At present, those three general plans still play a basic role in deciding the Chinese sports policy. According to the "S ports Industry Development Program", promotion of sports industries that meet the Socialist Market Economic System guarantees the realization of two other Programs in providing financial security. In this context, the Sports Lottery enables acquisition of the funds which are necessary for promotion of sports in all levels and at the same time it brings the development of different kinds of sports markets and sport businesses. Till now, 60% of the profit of a Chinese sports lottery have been used for "National Fitness Program" and 40% for "Olympic Games Program". Today, the Chinese sports lottery takes a role in providing an important source of revenue which supports the activity that the government performs in order to not only promote Chinese sports policies at all levels but also to develop and keep active the sports industry in expanding sports related markets. It will play a huge role in realizing Chinese sports strategic objectives for 21 century.

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This study examines the potential importance of what we call "local community strategy" in the realm of management for professional sports clubs. In particular, we focus on J League (soccer) clubs since the year 2000. Activities corresponding to the "local community strategy " are supposed to consist of the following five components.(1) Providing services to a local community through sports(2) Participating in festivals and other similar events of a local community and visits to local shopping malls and other places(3) Creating a system for receiving community volunteers(4) Creating a system for obtaining goods and services form community businesses(5) Establishing rules for obtaining funds from the community This study analyzes data acquired from a questionnaire survey sent to all J League clubs belonging to division 1 (J1) and division 2 (J2), and from interviews with several key clubs. We show that the local community strategy is becoming, explicitly and/or potentially, one of the more important elements of J League club management. For the analysis, we classify J League clubs into three groups, roughly speaking, in accordance with the size of the annual sales of the club. We first show, based on our survey and interviews, the level of activities of each club targeted to a local community. We find that each of the three groups has good reasons for taking local community strategy seriously, and that the reasons, ranging from urgent needs for survival to a risk hedge to deal with uncertainty, differ depending on the group.

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While many organizations in modern society, notably educational organizations, have created ethical guidelines as a matter of course, sports federations and associations have not necessarily followed suit. This paper examines the need for them to do so. Most specifically, it considers an instance of alleged sexual harassment by an official of the Japan Clay Target Shooting Association (JCTSA) at the National Sports Festival in Kumamoto in 1999. In the incident, the official was treated in newspaper coverage as a guilty party before the facts of the case had been confirmed, though the JCTSA fact-finding committee subsequently came to the conclusion that they could not substantiate the claim that the official had sexually harassed the alleged victims. The official subsequently sued both Kumamoto Prefecture and the town in which the Sports Festival had been held, and an apology from each of the defendants resulted in an out-of-court settlement of the civil action. Despite this outcome, however, the JCTSA Board of Directors resigned en masse. It was only then that a JCTSA ethics committee was formed and that ethical guidelines were created. If a policy for the creation of an ethical environment had been brought to fruition before the occurrence of the incident, the JCTSA might have been better able to protect the accused official, and the directors might not have felt the need to resign. The incident illustrates the fact that, for sports federations and associations, the creation of an ethical environment would help not only to protect potential victims of violence or sexual harassment but also to protect the rights of accused persons and the integrity of the organizations themselves. Finally, this study suggests that it would have overall benefits for Japan's sports industry as a whole.

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