Estimating future river discharge in response to the changing climate and land use land cover (LULC) conditions is an urgent topic in hydrology. A study of this topic was conducted in the Abashiri River, northeastern Hokkaido, under a limited data availability. Projected future climate and LULC conditions were obtained from existing datasets, while river discharge was simulated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Projected under future climate, discharge changed slightly on annual-scale, while changes in seasonality and variability implied concerns on water resources and local fisheries. Discharge change under future LULC was mostly quantitatively insignificant in comparison.

This is a study on using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 to higher the resolution of land surface temperature maps in google earth engine by using NDVI,NDBI,NDWI,SI and Random Forest model.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the distribution characteristics of grasslands in the Shikoku Mountains and their relationship with the temperature environment in order to elucidate the dynamics and transition history of the unique vegetation landscape.

In Kyoto City, many kinds of animals appear, but sometimes they cause harm to people lives. Particularly raccoons and maked palm civets break cultural treasures, so Kyoto City and Kansai Wildlife Research Association run a catch plan. In this study, we research causes of raccoons and masked palm civets appearance by land uses, and we calculate their probability of presence in Kyoto City. In the result, farmland and grassland or water area ratio cause raccoon appearances, but masked palm civets ones have no common factor. Also, nearby such large green or water areas, the probability of presence value becomes high.

Enryo Inoue (1858-1919) was a philosopher and an educator who supported modern Japan as the founder of Toyo University.One of his most notable achievements is that he traveled all over Japan (including Karafuto and Manchuria) from 1890 to 1920 and devoted himself to social education on scientific thinking.The record is included in "Nansen-Hokuubashu" edited by Toyo University.

Setsuo Miura 2013 sorted out the information, identified the current place names as of 2013, and performed a simple tabulation.It is thought that such information can be mapped and analyzed from a geographical point of view to gain a deeper understanding of its meaning.Therefore, based on the above information, through the work of converting the tour site information into GIS, we will organize various technical issues when handling position information about 100 years ago.

In addition, based on the created map, we will objectively evaluate the spatial distribution of the tour sites and Enryo Inoue's plans and intentions that appear in the tour course. We will compare the population (density) of municipalities in the first national census, which was conducted the year after Enry?'s death, and consider the socio-economic conditions at that time and the spatial distribution of the selected training sites.

1. Geographers' investigations just after the occurrence of the Great Kanto Earthquake Disaster

2. Investigations for earthquake disaster measure planning mainly in the 1970s

3. Research for active faults and palaeo-earthquakes

4. Reaearch for landslides and debris flows of the Great Kanto Earthquake Disaster

5. Earthquake disaster research in human geography

6. Recent investigations for earthquake disaster measure planning by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government

1. Introduction

In recent years, there has been a growing discussion about well-being in Japan (Well-being Report Japan 2022). There are two approaches to well-being, which originated in Greek culture such as Aristotle. While the hedonic approach focuses on short-term happiness and defines well-being as the attainment of pleasure and the avoidance of pain, the eudaimonic approach defines well-being as the degree to which one is functioning well (Ryan and Deci, 2001). While research on this trend has been active in the English-speaking world since the 2000s (Huta, 2015; Ryff, 2023), it is very limited in Japan (Asano et al., 2014; Okabe, 2015; Nishaat & Magaki, 2020; Kono et al., 2018). It is thought that it is desirable to analyze from this perspective the changes in attitudes regarding life and work styles seen and the intention to leave Tokyo during the period of COVID-19. The purpose of this research is to organize research on eudaimonic well-being (EWB), focusing on tourism and entrepreneurship (EP), and to explore the possibility of its application in geography.

2. Eudaimonic tourism

Filep et al. (2017) apply EWB to tourism and discuss positive tourism based on EWB. Filep & Laing (2018) reviewed research trends in positive tourism and recommend eudaimonic tourism experiences. Lengieza et al. (2019) measured eudaimonic travel experience, and Volo (2016) examines the effect of tourism on islanders' EWB. Other studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between the eudaimonic and the hedonic well-being(Lee & Jeong, 2019; Su et al., 2020).

3. Eudaimonic Entrepreneurship

Østergaard et al. (2018) discussed the dimensions of EWB in the process of EP. Wilkund et al. (2019) reviewed researches on EP and EWB, and Shir & Ryff (2021) presented a dynamic approach for EP self-organization. Ryff (2019) pointed out five venues for research on entrepreneurship and EWB: (1) autonomy, (2) varieties, (3) entrepreneurial journey, (4) health, and (5) entrepreneurs and the eudaimonia of others -contrasting virtuous and vicious types.

4. Eudaimonic Wellbeing and Geography

In geography, Wang & Wang (2016 ) reviewed researches on subjective well-being. research by , Weckroth et al.(2015) treated EWB and indWe are conducting research on Bonaluto et al.(2016) examined the place identity and EWB as a psychological research.

5. Conclusion

Ryff (2023) cites (1) heterogeneity, (2) art, and (3) entrepreneurship as directions for future research development of EWB based on the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future geographic research on EWB will include understanding of geographical differences in EWB, and also elucidating various geographical milieu influencing EWB as an influencing factor on the success of tourism and entrepreneurship. The eudaimonic concept, which is related to the intellectual origins of Western culture, is a blind spot for the Japanese, but it provides a necessary and important perspective for the contemporary world and the situation in Japan, and contributes to the development of geographic research.

Forest regeneration of black pine along the Sendai coast after the Mega tsunami attack is urgently required to prevent the next Tsunami. Growth of planted black pines was evaluated by multispectral images with different resolutions. Spatial distribution of soil properties was mapped after soil analyses. Extremely heterogenous soil properties in the planting bases can be considered as controlling factors for significant differences in growth of black pine confirmed by multispectral analyses. However, there was no clear relationship between plant growth and soil properties. Temporal change in soil properties is necessary to be taken into account.

In Tama New Town, many problems have occurred, such as aging residents, population decline, old houses. In this study, the Suwa-Nagayama district, the first developed area of Tama New Town, was selected as the research area. We summarized the elderly population ratio and analyzed the reachable area to the shelters using the Network Analyst tool in ArcGIS. When the elderly were considered as evacuees, 60% of the population within 10 minutes of evacuation time was covered. The elevation difference in evacuation routes remains a major concern when considering evacuation in this area, where the population of residents is aging significantly.

In this study, we have surveyed how the philosophy of the Slow Food Movement spreads, classifying it into three stages based on the time axis and the regional axis. It was found that the spread of philosophy has a kind of expansion and contraction period, and that the regions and actors involved in it also have characteristics of each period. The items registered in the Ark of Taste and their regions were closely related to the characteristics of the active actors. In other words, how the actors understand and share values are important for philosophy to transcend borders and spread.

Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park is a mountain national park that has been registered as a World Natural Heritage Site. Mountain trails are used for transportation within the park, where there are no motorways. Livestock (e.g., male yaks, zopkyo, and mules) are widely used to transport tourism-related goods. As trekking tourism has become more popular, the use of trails by livestock are thought to be increasing. There have been few studies on trail degradation in the Himalayas, including this national park. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the current status of trail degradation through UAV mapping and field observations.

This study aims to examine the phenomenon of ethnic group integration and its characteristics in the Tokyo metropolitan area, which consists of four prefectures (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Chiba), by analyzing the relationships and changes among nationalities and their socioeconomic and residential characteristics based on pan-ethnicity.

The factor analysis and multidimensional scaling constructs analysis of several statistical tables on foreign residents found at least four pan-ethnic groups based on language and geographic proximity in the study area. In addition, based on this, year-to-year comparisons using the multidimensional scaling construction method showed a trend of partial integration of each ethnic group belonging to a pan-ethnic group. In addition, after 2015, when the rate of foreign population growth increased rapidly, each group tended to either agglomerate within the group or differentiated by forming new subgroups. The Asian group tended to differentiate based on three subgroups, while the English-speaking and Latin American groups tended to unify individually. Moreover, there was a trend toward integration as a whole for the North American and European-American groups, although two subgroups formed internally.

Regarding the discussion based on the statistics by the residence status and spatial distribution by group, the characteristics of the North American and European groups as a global elite group based on the globalization of Tokyo surfaced. The study also revealed Asian residents of developed regions who work in Tokyo by obtaining an academic degree in Japan or settle in Tokyo by obtaining a business administration visa. Furthermore, the study revealed a South Asian population forming a solid cohesion in space, even considering socioeconomic characteristics. Concerning spatial distribution, differences in the tendency of each group to congregate were also clearly evident. The pan-ethnicity concept thus plays a significant role in shaping the sectoral urban demographic structure.

As a consequence of the above findings, the introduction of pan-ethnicity into the study of immigration in Japan has visualized relationships among nationalities that were not visualized in the usual statistics and confirmed that groups with common factors exist in geography as well through spatial distribution. It means that pan-ethnicity is valid in Japan's immigrant society and provides an essential lens through which to examine the future of immigrant society in Japan. Various efforts have been made in the Western world to address the social integration problems caused by immigrant society, but the problems still need to be solved. The work of clarifying some of the processes of social integration regarding the spatial aspects of immigration in Japanese society will help us to more accurately understand the society of foreign residents when conducting future policy attempts and research on social integration for foreign residents in Japan.

One of the remaining challenges of this study is that it needed to be more extensive in the areas that could be analyzed in detail and thus could not fully identify pan-ethnic relationships in areas that could not analyze in their entirety. In addition, the study of the relationship between the distribution of residence among nationalities in terms of more precise subregional units remains dark. In order to deepen geographical research on immigrant communities in Japan, it is necessary to continue clarifying population structure by visualizing social and geographical space.

Nirai Kanai is the spiritual world where all "life" is created and drifts ashore with spiritual power, and where the sun also comes and goes. Nirai Kanai is connected to our living space through the earth and water worlds, and has the power to circulate and purify "things" and "spiritual power. Although Nirai Kanai sometimes causes tsunamis, earthquakes, and other disasters, the people who have nurtured their "yuimun" way of thinking (cosmology) in the "nature" of Nirai Kanai have cherished this worldview with a sense of awe and prayers of thanksgiving.

I reserch the 2 excursions documents of 2 women’s higher normal schools, Tokyo Joshi Koto Sihan gakko and Nara Joshi Koto Shihan gakkko, to Manchria 1939. The paticipant students to the excusions had different opinions to Manchuria, between Nara and Tokyo. Nara students showed, at glance, no questions to the field. On the other hand, Tokyo students criticized Manchuria, as colony of Japan. This differences include character of each excursions, and especially, Prof.IIMOTO, Tokyo, infulental geopilitics scholer, permitted to Tokyo students, free opinions to current situation there.

In 11 Nov 2022, we surveyed outcrop and landslide body of deep-seated landslides around Probi Village (84°19'51″E, 28°20'16″N), right bank of Khudi River and at Sarin Village (84°21'33″E, 28°15'18″N), right bank of Marsyangdhi River. Geology is metamorphosed sediment. On these sites landslide surface deformations were observed by InSAR analysis using PALSAR-2 data (Path158, Frame560; Observation period: 19 Oct 2017 - 26 Dec 2019) through a previous study. At the right bank of Khudi River, we found the landslide body is sliding as clockwise rotating for years, juding from outcrop observation and stike and dip measurements of strata at the foot of the body, where we also observed sliding surface with 20-cm-thick clay layer. At the village on the landslide body of right bank, Marsyangdhi River, we confirmed cracks at the entrance floor of a groceries store and the tilted walls of a house through observations and interview for residents.

In South Korea, various discussions are continuing over the algae problem caused by the dam, which was established during the four-river restoration project in 2012.Japan, on the other hand, has long established a dam, but no problems like Korea have emerged.In order to examine these differences, we conducted research on the dam around the Nakdong River and the Tama River and the Onga River, the rivers of Korea.In the upstream of each weir, water temperature and pH were observed higher than in the downstream, and the concentration of nitrogen decreased in the upstream of the weir.

The entire island of Izu Oshima has been designated as a Japan Geopark since 2010. A Geopark is an area that aims to realize a sustainable society by reading the Earth's past and correctly understanding the current situation through the Earth's heritage, which includes geology and landforms that record the history of Earth activities, the activities of living creatures that have been nurtured in adaptation to the changing land and regional characteristics, and the lives of our predecessors, to imagine an ever-changing future and take action now for the future. The region aims to realize a sustainable society by reading the Earth's past, understanding the current situation correctly, and taking actions that can be taken now for the sake of the future. As a Geo-Park certified area, Izu Oshima is promoting volcanic disaster prevention activities on and off the island by utilizing the Earth's Heritage of Izu Oshima.

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