In sterile culture the protonemata of Tortula pagorum display three growth-forms that differ with respect to orientation of filaments, dominant cell shape, branching, and color. They were designated as: multidirectional, unidirectional, and stunted protonemata. Only stunted protonemata were found in natural collections. Shoots displayed six growth-forms in culture that differed with respect to dominant leaf type, leaf spacing, stem height, and occurrence and position of gemmae or brood-leaves. The first four growth-forms were found in culture and nature, and the last two in culture only. The development of each growth-form of the gametophyte from gemmae in culture was correlated with particular light, temperature, and substrate conditions. Gemmiferous shoots developed in culture at or under a wide range of light intensities, several photoperiod-temperature regimes, red light, temperatures from 15 to 26℃, pH values from 3.5 to 8.0, and also when high levels of salts, carbohydrates, or crude mixtures of particulate pollutants were added to the culture medium. The behavior of the gametophyte of Tortula pagorum helps explain the tolerance of this species to the special conditions of the urban habitat.

  The cosmopolitan genus Orthotrichum (Musci) is revised for Australasia. Nine species and three varieties are recognized: O. rupestre Schwaegr., O. rupestre var. papillosum Lewinsky nom. et stat. nov., O. tasmanicum Hook. f. & Wils., O. tasmanicum var. parvithecum (R. Brown ter.) Lewinsky comb. nov., O. graphiomitrium Beckett, O. hortense Bosw., O. sainsburyi Allison, O. cyathiforme R. Brown ter., O. cupulatum Brid., O. cupulatum var. austro-cupulatum (Dix. & Sainsb.) Lewinsky comb. nov., O. longithecum R. Brown ter., O. calvum Hook. f. & Wils.

  The history of the genus in New Zealand has been influenced by the local botanists, T.W.N. Beckett, R. Brown, who described 44 species, and W. Bell, and the German bryologist K. Müller. The latter also had the greatest impact on the history of Orthotrichum in Australia.

  The genus is found in New Zealand southwards from 38°S with a few scattered occurrences further north. In Australia it is restricted to southeastern N. S. W. incl. A. C. T., eastern Victoria and Tasmania. Five taxa are common to both countries, seven are endemic in New Zealand. Most of the species are epiphytes and grow on indigenous as well as introduced woody plants. O. cupulatum, O. rupestre and their varieties are mainly rupestral.

  The variation in leaf papillae height in O. rupestre supports the separation of var. papillosum from the type variety. The relationship between O. tasmanicum, O. graphiomtrium, O. firmum, O. arborescens, O. afro-fastigiatum, and O. striatum is supported by SEM studies of peristome ornamentation. O. tasmanicum var. parvithecum is a polysetose variety restricted to high rainfall areas.

  The taxonomic part of the paper includes a key to the species and varieties, descriptions, figures, distribution maps, list of specimens studied and lists of 290 New Zealand and 190 Australian localities in numerical and alphabetic order.

  The chemistry of 20 lichen taxa from localities on the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia and in the maritime Antarctic is described, including the isolation of two new depsides from Pseudocyphellaria endochrysea, and a brief account of the ecology of each taxon is also provided.

  A survey of the Brazilian liverwort and hornwort literature from 1823 to 1980 revealed 1578 taxa, of which 1106 are considered as valid ones. These species are distributed in 130 genera and 35 families phylogenetically ordered; each entry is alphabetically listed, mentioning location and bibliographic citations.