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Volume 15 (1965)
- Issue 4 Pages 327-
- Issue 3 Pages 201-
- Issue 2 Pages 91-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 15, Issue 2
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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SHINJI OONO1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 91-112
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSConcerning the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms in reflex dilatation of the pupil elicited by painful stimuli, there have long been many arguments. One group of authors, for example, Bechterew (1) and Braunstein (2) concluded that the pupillary dilatation resulting from painful stimuli was caused solely by inhibition of the third cranial nerve activity. Another group of investigators, for example, Lieben and Kahn (3), Bain, Irving and McSwiney (4), Ury and Gellhorn (5), Ury and Oldberg (6) and Seybold and Moore (7) were of the opinion that parasympathetic inhibition was the principal factor in the reflex dilatation while sympathetic excitation was a negligible one.
On the contrary, others, for instance, Luchsinger (8), Anderson (9), and Dechaume (10) claimed that sympathetic excitation was responsible for the pupillary reaction which was absent after cervical sympathectomy.
Weinstein and Bender (11) compared the pupillary reflex activity in cats and monkeys. They concluded that a species-difference exists: in both species pupillary dilatation is accomplished by both parasympathetic inhibitory and sympathetic excitatory mechanism. In the cat, inhibition of the parasympathetic mechanism is predominant while in the monkey excitation of the sympathetic mechanism is of greater importance.
Later Lowenstein and Loewenfeld (12) performed more detailed experiments in cats using their own pupillographic instrument; they observed that pupillary reflex dilatation was mostly due to sympathetic excitation, and was reduced to less than one-fifth of the normal control dilatation after sympathectomy.
The author re-examined this subject with the aid of a new method devised for measuring the pupil size, simultaneously recording the contraction of the nictitating membrane and blood pressure in cats and dogs. The effects of barbiturates, pentylenetetrazol, chlorpromazine and morphine on the responses of sciatic stimulation were studied hoping to elucidate the central mechanisms involved.View full abstractDownload PDF (1045K) -
SHUJI TAKAORI, KENZABURO TANABE1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 113-130
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of brain temperature changes upon the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the mammals has been reported by several investigators. Gaenshirt et al. (1) demonstrated that the spontaneous EEG recorded from isolated and artificially perfused cat's head showed marked changes in frequency and voltage at temperature varying from 40°C to 20°C, and that the mean frequency of the cortical EEG fell when the brain temperature was lowered down to 32°C, while mean voltage of the EEG increased when the temperature was lowered from 40°C to 33°C. However, the obvious correlation between the EEG activation and brain temperature was not inferred from their reports, because the perfused head would presumedly suffered from extreme non-physiological surgical procedures. von Euler and Soderberg (2) showed that moderate hypothalamic heating synchronized the EEG and inhibited the gamma motor activity in both rat and rabbit. Little work has hitherto been done to study the influence of drugs on synchronization and desynchronization of EEG caused by changes of brain temperature.
In the previous reports, Tanabe and Takaori (3) observed the changes in temperature of brain, tympanic membrane and rectum, behavior, respiration, blood pressure and heart rate induced by cooling and warming both common carotid arteries in the rabbit. They reported that the carotid cooling produced alerting, shivering, pallor, increase in the respiratory frequency and depth, and increase in frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous undulation of the blood pressure, while the carotid warming caused drowsiness and slight increase in the heart rate. Further, they regarded the tympanic membrane temperature measured through the external auditory canal as a feasible reflexion of the brain temperature.
The present experiments have been designed to elucidate the relationship between the brain temperature and the EEG's in the cortical and subcortical areas, and to trace the influence of central depressants and stimulants on the EEG alterations induced by the carotid cooling and warming.View full abstractDownload PDF (812K) -
YUTAKA MIZUSHIMA, HIROSHI OKUMURA1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 131-134
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSClinically interesting substances, such as necrotizing factor in rheumatoid arthritis, skin sensitizing antibody and complement in allergic diseases were easily inactivated by heating or even keeping them in room temperature. And there are many reports that heavy metal ions inhibit the activity of physico-chemically labile substances such as some kind of enzyme. On the other hand, gold compound was proved to have an antirheumatic effect and probably a therapeutic effect in some allergic disease. Colloidal platinum and palladium were tried to apply in treatment of rheumatism in Japan.
In this experiment, inhibitory effects of metal compounds including gold and platinum on the necrotizing factor, skin sensitizing antibody and complement were studied.View full abstractDownload PDF (174K) -
MITSUYASU KITAMURA1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 135-142
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is known that the tissue level of adenine nucleotides changes when the whole animal is treated with certain drugs or X-ray irradiation. Mor (1) has observed a decrease of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and an increase of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the liver and skeletal muscle of the guinea pigs treated with fever-producing substances such as dinitrophenol and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. He has also obtained a similar result in the animals anaesthetized with magnesium sulfate. Kirpekar and Lewis (2, 3) and Kaul and Lewis (4) demonstrated that reserpine causes a simultaneous fall in the levels of ATP and catecholamines in the rat adrenal medulla and brain. It is also reported that X-ray irradiation brings about a significant decrease in the 32P incorporation to the phosphorylated nucleotides of the spleen and thymus in mice transplanted with mammary carcinoma and that these changes may result from an inhibition of the phosphorylation in the irradiated tissue (5, 6).
Evidences have been accumulated for the past decade suggesting that the formation and utilization of ATP are involved in the mechanism of histamine release during anaphylactic reaction. It was reported from several laboratories, that the histamine release in vitro is potentiated on the addition of succinic acid (7, 8) or glucose (9), and is inhibited by respiratory inhibitors such as malonate, cyanide and anoxia (7, 8, 10), and by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation such as dinitrophenol (8, 10, 11). However, it still remains unclarified just how the level of adenine nucleotides would change in the shocked organ during anaphylactic reaction. The present paper describes the results of an investigation on the adenine nucleotide contents of the liver and 'lung of guinea pigs, as determined by the ion exchange chromatographic method. The determination was made in normal as well as in the sensitized guinea pigs injected with antigen.View full abstractDownload PDF (283K) -
YASUSHI ABIKO, KIYOSHI MUKAHIRA, TSUNEYOSHI TANABE1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 143-148
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was reported that the occurrence of bradycardia by cardiac glycosides was connected with not only vigi (1, 2) but also sinus nerves (2-4). Recently, it was demonstrated that strospeside inhibited efferent discharges in the pre and postganglionic stellate fibers (5), and that dichloroisoproterenol prevented the production of bradycardia by strospeside in vagotomized cats (6). These evidences show that sympathetic nerves as well as sinus nerves play an important role as an extravagal factor of bradycardia produced by strospeside.
Abiko (2) set forth the opinion that there are at least two possible pathways of reflex in producing bradycardia by cardiac glycosides: One is the vagal nerve which exerts slowing on the heart rate by vago-vagal reflex and the other is the carotid sinus-sympathetic nervous chain which exerts a slowing effect on the heart rate by way of the sinus nerve, cervical cord and the stellate ganglia.
However, a question has arisen as to whether the inhibition of efferent sympathetic activity is induced solely by sinus nerves, independent of afferent fibers of vagi or not. The present study deals with this question.View full abstractDownload PDF (241K) -
SHIGERU TSUNOO, KAZUYOSHI HORISAKA, SHIGERU SASAKI, KUSUO IIDA1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 149-156
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEs ist eine seit langem bekannte Tatsache, dass die Umwandlungen, die körperfremde Stoffe im Organismus erleiden, sehr mannigfaltig sind. In Ansehung dessen, dass die Organisationsanlage bei den verschiedenen tierischen Organismen sich jeweils als eine besondere erweist, sind auch die Wege, die zur Erzielung der einzelnen, für den Betrieb notwendigen Vorgänge bei den verschiedenen Organismen eingeschlagen werden, nicht stets dieselben. So erfolgt z.B. bei den verschiedenen Tieren die Entfernung überschüssiger und schadlicher Stoffe auf ungleichartigen Wegen.
Jaffé (1) machte schon die interessante Beobachtung, dass bei der Fütterung von Hühnern mit Benzoesaure Ornithursäure im Harn ausgeschieden wird, während sie sich dagegen bei Säugetieren bekanntlich in Hippursaure verwandelt. Durch weitere Untersuchungen ergaben Totani (2), Sherwin u.a. (3), Jaffé u.a. (4), Sendju (5) sowie Dann u.a. (6), dass die verschiedenen aromatischen Carbonsäuren auch im Organismus der Vögel sich ganz ebenso verhalten wie die Benzoesäure, dass sie in mit Ornithin gepaarte, der Ornithursäure analoge Verbindungen übergeführt werden. Vor kurzem führten Nesheim u.a. (7) als Muttersubstanz des Ornithins, welches sich mit Benzoesäure im Hühnerorganismus zu Ornithursäure verbindet, Arginin in der Nahrung an.
Von anderer Seite bestehen über das Verhalten der Chinolinderivate im Organismus weitgehende Unklarheiten trotz ihren ausgesprochenen Wirkungen. Aus diesem Grunde haben wir zunächst die Umsetzung des Chinaldin (2-Methylchinolin), Lepidin (4-Methylchinolin) and 7-Methylchinolin im Hühnerorganismus verfolgt. Weiter untersuchten wir das Verhalten des α-Picolin and 2-Methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidin (Pyrimidinkomponente des Aneurins) auch an Hühnern.View full abstractDownload PDF (355K) -
TOMOKO FUJII, MICHIKO IMAI, CHIKA MOROHASHI, EMIKO WAKAHARA, MASAKO WA ...1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 157-164
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was reported that there was a remarkable difference in the effects of pentobarbital (1) or hexobarbital (2) between adult female and male rats and that there was a sex difference in the metabolism of these drugs (1, 2). However, most works on the effects of barbiturates had been done with either male or female animals only. Moreover, the reports on the sex difference of the effects of barbiturates were principally concerned with the single injection of drug.
The authors have reported that the sex difference was observed in the effects of some hormones on the growth and development of rats and the enzyme activity in the rat's liver (3-5).
The purpose of the present -study was to compare the effects in male and female rats of continued daily injection of pentobarbital as well as phenobarbital. The development of the tolerance to drugs and the existence of sex difference in drug effects were observed.View full abstractDownload PDF (306K) -
YOSHIHISA NAKAI, SHUJI TAKAORI1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 165-175
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of central depressants on the evoked potential and ensued rhythmic after-discharges in the auditory cortex by a series of single click stimuli in cats were previously reported (1). In contrast to a progressive depression of the evoked potential by urethane and ethyl alcohol, the intravenous infusion of pentobarbital sodium, chloralose and chlorpromazine produced considerable increase in amplitude of the evoked potential followed by progressive decrease. The rhythmic after-discharges became to respond regularly and uniformly to the stimulation in small doses of the central depressants, and the duration of the discharges was prolonged with increase in the dose.
It is well-known that the acoustic impulses ascend to the middle ectosylvian gyrus of cerebral cortex via the specific sensory nerves and several relay nuclei. The cortical rhythmic discharges caused by afferent stimulation have been investigated by many workers (2-8). The augmenting response in the sensori-motor cortex is evoked by repetitive stimulation of the specific relay nuclei of thalamus and is related to the specific sensory pathway. Such cortical potential changes are evoked by repetitive stimulation of the diffuse thalamic projection nuclei: the recruiting response. Rhythmic cortical activity is also recorded during spontaneous sleep or barbiturate narcosis.
The response in the auditory cortex to repetitive acoustic stimuli was investigated by Goldstein et al. (9), Schwarz et al. (10, 11) and Kikuchi (12, 13). Kawamura and Yamamoto (14) observed the spindle discharges in the auditory cortex, which were induced by click stimulation or electrical stimulation of the medial geniculate body. However, there are few studies on the rhythmic after-discharges in the auditory cortex, and less is known of the influence of central depressants on the cortical responses evoked by repetitive click stimuli.
Therefore, the authors have designed to analyze the changes in the cortical activity caused by repetitive click stimuli. The study reported here shows that the effects of the central depressants on the cortical auditory responses evoked by repetitive click stimuli are considerably different from the effects on the responses by single click stimulus.View full abstractDownload PDF (503K) -
YOSHIMI MISU, CHIKAKO TANAKA, SHUJI TAKAORI1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 176-186
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe inhibitory effects of α-receptor blocking agents such as dibenamine, yohimbine and chlorpromazine on the transmembrane potentials in the atria isolated from intact and reserpinized rabbits were reported previously (1-3). Although acetylcholine (ACh) as well as adrenaline and noradrenaline could restart the atrial action potential which had been ceased by the application of the adrenolytics, the restarting effect of ACh showed considerable differences from that of catecholamines. It was described by several investigators that positive inotropic and chronotropic responses of catecholamines in the mammalian heart were not prevented by α-receptor blocking agents (4) but were antagonized by dichloroisoproterenol (DCI), a β-receptor blocking agent (5, 6). In the isolated heart preparations, the stimulating effect of ACh was blocked by the pretreatment with DCI or by the full reserpinization of the animals (7-10). These results proposed the assumption that the stimulating effect of ACh derived from endogenously released catecholamine. However, as already confirmed in the previous report (2), the evidence that the addition of ACh could restart the action potential which had been ceased by the pretreatment of α-receptor blocking agents even in the reserpinized rabbit was against the afcre-mentioned assumption.
In order to elucidate whether the stimulating effect of ACh derives from endogenously released catecholamine or not, the effects of ACh and catecholamine on the transmembrane potentials of the heart should be observed in relation to β-receptor blocking effects of DCI.
The present experiments have been designed to compare the effects of DCI and phenoxybenzamine, an α-receptor blocking agent, on the atrial and ventricular transmembrane potentials in the isolated rabbit's heart, and to elucidate the correlation between the actions of DCI and ACh or catecholamines. Further, the effects of DCI and phenoxybenzamine on the conduction time and the effective refractory period of the ventricle have been comparatively studied.View full abstractDownload PDF (460K) -
G. WILHELMI1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 187-198
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlready the change from the antipyretic antipyrine, synthesized by L. Knorr (1) in 1883, to aminopyrine, which has not only an antipyretic but also a powerful analgesic effect, was an important step in the development of the pyrazoles. Of the water-soluble aminopyrine analogues, the injectable phenyl-dimethylpyrazolone-methylamino methane sulfonic acid sodium (metamizole) and others had certain advantages with respect to the mode of application.
When, amongst other pyrazolidines, 1, 2-diphenyl-3, 5-dioxo-4-n-butyl-pyrazolidine (phenylbutazone or Butazolidin) was synthesized by Stenzl (2) in 1946, hopes of having found a new analgesic were raised. As this preparation, similar to metamizole, was of acidic nature, it seemed probable that Butazolidin, like metamizole, would have a special anti-inflammatory effect in rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases. This effect was indeed so pronounced that the central analgesic effect lost in significance as compared with the beneficial effect observed in inflammatory states in experimental (3, 4) as well as in clinical trials. The great significance gained by the preparation is due to its antirheumatic action.
Despite this almost specific effect, developments in the field of pyrazoles did not come to a stillstand. Through substitution in the Butazolidin molecule, preparations with other, particular effects were obtained. Thus the 4-(2'-phenyl-sulfinyl-ethyl)-derivative of Butazolidin (Anturan) has primarily uricosuric properties, whereas 1-phenyl-2(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3, 5-dioxo-4-n-butyl-pyrazolidine-monohydrate (oxyphenbutazone or Tanderil), synthesized by Pfister and Häfliger (5) in 1957, had pronounced anti-inflammatory but no definite central analgesic activity. The incidence of side-effects, e.g. from the stomach, was moreover low. Undoubtedly development is not yet terminated; already now new possibilities of action amongst the pyrazoles are being studied.View full abstractDownload PDF (568K) -
HIRONORI NAKANISHI, HIROSHI TAKEDA1965 Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 199-200
Published: June 01, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 02, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (47K)
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