The concepts of the standardization in printing field and the movement related with ISO TC130 activities in Japan are summarized. The relation between the activities of standardization of ISO or JIS and the activity of academic society is also discussed. The role of academic society and targets of cooperation with other activities about standardization are clearly shown in this paper.

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Recently the ANSI committee IT8 has developed the basic idea of the color target. Though various color targets are now disseminated by film manufacturers, they are not standardized, differing in the size, arrangement, and component colors, thus resulting in the lack of compatibility. However, the present color target has been designed so that every scanner would separate any films properly. As the color target is produced by using the same film as the color film to be processed by scanners, the problem caused by metamerism would be avoided. By exploiting the color target, color separation tasks will be fully automated, completely free from trial and errors based on long years experience, for any color scanners, for any color films, and for any combinations of the both.

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The definition activities for color data exchange which have been performed in ISO/TC 130/WG2 are described. This Working Group is charged with the responsibility of developing the color caliblation tools, color definitions, reference set of encoded data and data format definitions necessary to facilitate color data exchange within the graphic arts electronic prepress application area. Two standards have been completed. The first defines targets for input scanner calibration with transparency and reflection photographic products. The second standard provides a reference data set for CMYK to printed-color characterization. Works is still continuing on the development of a scanner caliblation target for use with negative films and on the development of default definitions for three-component color data exchange in CGATS/SC7 (Data Exchange) & SC8 (Color Data Definition). Joint activities with JWG2, 3 and 4 in JNC (Japan National Committee) for ISO/TC130 as well as activities with the CGATS (Committee for Graphic Arts Technologies Standards) and the industry SWOP™ committee in USA are performing to provide default relationships between CMYK input data and measured XYZ tristimulus values of results printed at or near the nominal aim. These data will provide a common reference for applications which provide CMYK output. Additional work is also underway to provide data for other common well defined printing conditions. A set of reference images (SCID: Standard Color Image Data) are being developed by IPTS (Image Processing Technology Standards) SWG1 as the international standard in conjunction with JWG2 in JNC and ISO/TC130/WG2. These image data will be available in electronic form and will provide a common set of visual reference material for evaluation of data transfer, data compression, proofing and output devices. As for the media independent data format, the standardization works of TIFF/IT (Tag Image File Format for Image Technology) and JPEG Application Profile in which the compressed data format with JPEG algorithm is proposed have been continued in ISO/TC130/WG2. Current status of these activities is explained in Chapter 4.

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This paper describes the need of color standardization in color hardcopy system and the standardization process of Japan color. Japan color is composed of 4-items as fallows, (1) Standard ink SF-90, (2) Standard paper (3) Standard color value (4) Standard color sample.

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Now digital color communication concepts are very important in graphic-arts industry. This paper describes recent trend in digital color communication, especially about new products of color swatch book suppliers, Toyo, Pantone and DIC.

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Surface of printed paper was studied by using a non-contact type surface roughness meter. A black offset ink was transfered on a cast- coated paper, which is the plainest paper traded. In a sample transfered small amount of the ink (y=ca. 0.1gm^-2), ink grains were attached on the tops of unevenness of the paper. Roughness for a center line of the surface (Ra), therefore, is increased from 0.69μm (paper) to 0.82μm, the maximum value. The Ra value was decreased with increasing the amount of the transfered ink to Ra=0.32μm at the sample with 0.8gm^-2 of the ink. This amount of the ink seems to be suitable amount to cover on the paper without deep holes distributed on the paper surface. Over y=1.8gm^-2, the uncovered areas could not be obserbed. The minimum Ra(=0.29μm) value was obtained in the sample with y=3.9gm^-2. Glossy (Gs) of the surface was also measured by the use of a goniometer. Because Gs is in invers proportion to Ra, Gs is closely related with the roughness of the printed surface.

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Magnetic image on an anodized Al plate was made by the electroplanting technique utilized area selective sealing technique for anodized Al. Fe cannot be deposited directly on the anodized Al plate with d. c. electroplating, but was able to be deposited after the deposition of Cu. Since Cu can be deposited on the sealed area of the anodized Al plate. Fe could be selectively deposited onto the Cu coated area. The resolution of the image with the d. c. electroplating was not so good. The B-H curve of Fe showed ferromagnetism. With a. c. electroplating of anodized Al plate using the metal sulfate aqueous solution, not only Fe but also Co or Ni were deposited uniformly on the unsealed area with one operation. The resolution of the image with the a. c. electroplating was equal to the dyed image of the unsealed area. B-H curves of these metals deposited on the alminium plates were showed ferromagnetism. Especially, B-H curve of Fe showed hard magnetism. The maximum He (coercive force) was obtained by the use of mixture solution of Fe and Co sulfate.

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Quality loss of offset print subjected to photo irradiation was investigated. Specimens tested in this experiment were solid and half tone printed ink films, including also un-coated and coated papers as their substrates generally used in offset printing, and all cut in 5cm squared. The specimens were irradiated by means of high-pressure Hg lamp with the maximum irradiation energy at the line spectrum of 3650-3663 Å the total of which reaches 3.8×10^-3J/cm²sec. The quality loss was estimated by; the change in optical properties obtained by both intensity distribution curves of reflected light from the specimen surfaces and their colour differences calculated due to the change in spectral reflectance. Experimental results were compared with the published radiation energy of sunshine measured relating to the visible light, to predict the limiting conditions for the quality loss of offset print exposed outdoors. The lowering in gloss of printed surfaces with solid yellow ink was observed to take place by the exposure of more than 37MJ/m² that may be comparable to the sunshine energy of about 460 hours obtained at Shinjuku, Tokyo in August, 1984-1986. Also the gloss lowering appeared more pronouncedly for the coated paper rather than for the un-coated paper.

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