Experimental film formation of a positive photoresist solution with variation of the quantity dispensed on wafers by spin coating was quantitatively investigated. The weight of a large quantity of the photoresist solution dispensed on a wafer during spinning takes a few weight percent large at a spinning time of 5s due to the high rate of outflow. In the later stages of spinning, it attains several weight percent large due to the low rate of evaporation of the solvent. On the other hand, the thickness of the baked film formed with variation of the dispensed quantity is not influenced very much. The minimum thickness deviation of the baked film formed with the large quantity, which exists in the intermediate stages, is a smaller than that formed with the small one.

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The photochemical reaction of N-ethylcarbazole (EtCz) and carbon tetrabromide (CTB) yields a dye of EtCz trimer (similar to triphenylmethane dye) by a multi-step reaction of EtCz with CTB. In the current study, we applied the principles of this reaction to polymer systems of poly [2-(9-carbazolyl) ethyl methacrylate] (PCzEMA) with CTB. The irradiation of PCzEMA film doped with CTB (CTB/PCzEMA) induced the dimerization between two Cz chromophores, which was monitored by the increase of absorption at 670nm. Since the reactive intermediate of Cz that was substituted with CBr₂ was stable, the rate of dimerization gradually accelerated as the sample was allowed to warm in the dark. The CTB/PCzEMA system does not form a trimer of Cz chromophores which is similar to triphenylmethane dye, but the dimerization reaction of the chromophoric groups resulted in photocrosslinking of the PCzEMA film. Then, the photosensitivity of CTB/PCzEMA film was compared with CTB/polyvinylcarbazole and polyvinyl cinnamate films through irradiation with a carbon arc lamp.

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Non-polar polymer materials such as polyethylene and polypropylene show relatively small adhesive features and hence some treatment to activate their surface is required prior to adhesive processes such as printing, coating, lamination and so on. Here, at first, these typical printing processes for polymers are described and then the present conditions and some problems in important polymer surface treatment processes as pretreatment processes prior to the printing processes are presented in detail.

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