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Volume 59 (1996)
- Issue 6 Pages 672-
- Issue 5 Pages 582-
- Issue 4 Pages 489-
- Issue 3 Pages 385-
- Issue 2 Pages 276-
- Issue 1 Pages 105-
Volume 59, Issue 1
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Noboru MURAYAMA1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 105-109
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere are two image compression methods, the lossless compression and the lossy compression. The former decoded image is as same as the original, but the later decoded image include the distortion. The decoded image is not evaluated by the quality but by the fidility of the decoded image.
On the other hand, the main factors, which deterrnine the quality of the image, are the resolutions and the SNR (signal to noize ratio), and these are highly related to the compressed data rate. In this paper, not only the fidility of the decoded irnage but also the relations between these and the compressed data rate are discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (7394K) -
K. PARULSKI, J. MCGARVEY, S. NOBLE, P. JAMESON, W. CHANG1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 110-116
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper describes the technology used in a new generation of digital cameras. The cameras all use full-frame image sensors optimized for producing still images in electronic cameras. The color CCDs incorporate the Bayer color filter array pattern, lateral overflow drain anti-blooming protection, accumulation mode timing, and progressive scan readout.The three cameras described have CCDs with 6.3 milion, 1.6 milion, and 400 thousand pixels, with 9 micron square pixels and a 3: 2 image aspect ratio. They use a firmware-based digital camera architecture to maximize flexibility and image quality. Extensive digital image processing is performed in the host computer, as the images are downloaded from the camera. This enables the cameras to use sophisticated image processing algorithms that can be easily upgraded in the field and customized for special customer applications.View full abstractDownload PDF (4358K) -
Jack HOLM1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 117-131
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents an overview of electronic still camera photographic sensitivity (speed) determination procedures and concepts. The approach used for film speed and exposure determination is described, followed by a review of the work done in ISO TC42/WG18 toward the development of electronic still and digital camera speed standards. The protocol developed for the determination of saturation based speed is given. The theoretical and experimental work on the signal-to-noise based speed concept is reviewed, including the subjective correlation between EIQ values, midtone log NEQ values, and the noise related subjective image quality. The effect of different pixel pitches is briefly described, and some common film EIQ values are noted in comparison to digital camera values and subjective perceptions. Preliminary protocols for noise based speed determination are provided, and the relation between noise based speed and DQE is noted. Preliminary work on color camera noise measurement is also outlined.View full abstractDownload PDF (2741K) -
Patti L. BUSHNELL1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 132-135
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper will define a Universal Color-Management Paradigm. It will be shown that the paradigm can be implemented using the International Color Consortium (ICC) operating system architecture. It will also be shown that the PhotoYCC encoding scheme facilitates the exchange of image appearance data among desktop imaging systems.View full abstractDownload PDF (490K) -
Yukio NAGASE1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 136-141
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy introducing digital technology into the color electrophotgraphic process, manufacturers have attained a level of color reproduction and halftone quality unattainable by the analog technology. Superior color reproduction, combined with electrophotography's other advantages-the ability to record images on plain paper, high productivity, and cost effectiveness-has distinguished this technology as one of the best for producing hard copies in color.View full abstractDownload PDF (2387K) -
Akio YANAGIMACHI1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 142-148
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (3686K) -
Toshio HONDA1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 149-154
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFirst, conditions for natural 3-D display by binocular viewing are mentioned. Then, the principle of 3-D picture display by holography is described.
Next, the quality of the image reconstructed from a hologram is discussed, separating to monocular viewing and binocular viewing. Finally, the sampling pitch at the hologram plane is discussed in the case of holographic stereogram.View full abstractDownload PDF (3282K) -
Shin OHNO1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 155-161
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the Multimedia Environment, it is easily supposed to be that visits of flood of picture communication. The media mixing of softcopy and hardcopy will be a thing of daily necessity. In the future imaging systems, the process equipment will be more mutually related with each other. These related equipment will form an imaging-chain.
This paper deals with trials of consolidated evaluation of chained imaging equipment. The first topics is the tone recognization on the reproduced picture printed by 28 level image data. The second is a consolidated analysis for the tone renditions of output images of displayed softcopy and printed hardcopy.View full abstractDownload PDF (2974K) -
James C. OWENS1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 162-172
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe development and application of digital technology has brought fundamental change to the imaging and communications industries. As did earlier milestones in communications technology, it is giving rise to significant and unexpected shifts in society as a whole, and in particular to the careers of scientists and engineers. The impact of digital technology on all of the many industries making use of chemical photography is growing rapidly, especially in publishing and printing, where revolutionary changes have already occurred. This paper outlines some of these trends with special attention to the changes occurring in the roles and functions of professional societies such as the SPSTJ and IS & T.View full abstractDownload PDF (11852K) -
Toyohiko HATADA1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 173-178
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe key point of the multimedia is to realize a human visual information processing which features high fidelity, selfadaptation of ambient condition and interactive operation. To achieve this purpose, human visual functions are investigated and it examines whether it is effective to display useful information in the multimedia.
In this paper, a desirable display design and a future target of multimedia applications are specified in consideration of an active human information processing and the use situations by the viewing distance.View full abstractDownload PDF (6253K) -
Tetsuo MITSUHASHI1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 179-185
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMultimedia is considered as a medium that integrates picture, sound and character based medium with electronic technology. Unlike individual use of each medium, a user plays also a role as a creator in the multimedia. Therefore, it is essential in the development of the multimedia to take wider considerations on human factors, especially on psychological responses, than in other conventional media in which users and creators are separated. Measurement method of human psychological responses is called the subjective assessment. This paper describes a brief summary of the subjective assessment methods including the method of TV picture quality assessment. Also, measurement methods of sounds and alphanumeric pictures are described.View full abstractDownload PDF (991K) -
Michael A. KRISS1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 186-211
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe image quality of Multimedia presentations is considered in the context of three of the major components of such systems. The role of the image display is studied in terms of how an observer would rate the final image. In addition to the quality of the physical display, the impact of the digital pixel is considered. It will be shown that the inherent differences between common software packages can lead to the introduction of unwanted artifacts. The problems associated with hard copy output will also be discussed. Special attention will be made to the need to develop stochastic halftones that provide high quality images while ensuring artifact free scanning of these output images. The image quality problems associated with digital still electronic cameras will be covered in some detail emphasizing a system analysis and simulation approach. Special attention will be given to the severe color aliasing artifacts generated by the color filter arrays used in most Digital Still Electronic Cameras (DSEC).View full abstractDownload PDF (42026K) -
Hsien-Che LEE1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 212-225
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper describes an object-oriented method for color image quantization. Instead of trying to minimize some cost function of colorimetric color errors, the method exploits physical models of scene-image relations. An image is first segmented into regions corresponding to objects in the physical world. Each object is then painted with a few levels of shades of the same chromaticity. This work is motivated by the observation that physical objects, not color patches, are the basic units for human visual perception. Chromatic variations within an object surface tend to be grossly discounted by our color vision, and therefore, it is not necessary to render those variations accurately. Furthermore, since the shading across an object surface spans a much smaller dynamic range than the whole scene, the limited number of color shades can be more effectively used within a segmented image region.
The two elements of the method are a physics-based image segmentation algorithm and a psychophysics-based coloring algorithm. Based on models of light reflection, the image segmentation algorithm partitions the input image into regions that roughly correspond to different physical objects. The coloring algorithm renders the busy image regions with fewer luminance levels than the uniform image areas where shadings are subtle and errors easily visible. A number of images rendered in 8 bits by the method are compared with those rendered by other methods, such as the median-cut, the mean-cut, and the variance-based algorithms. The object-oriented rendition method is shown to have the least contouring artifacts.View full abstractDownload PDF (2430K) -
Yoichi MIYAKE1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 226-234
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMany imaging devices have been developed and widely used in various fields.
Images displayed or recorded by same digital data, however, is not always reproduced with same quality, particularly in color reproduction. Therefore the device independent color reproduction method has been proposed and used.
The author consider that the next step for the image reproduction is to establish the WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get).
This paper provides a brief review of device independent color and image reproductions. A new approach of image reproduction, which has been studyed in our laboratory, based on the human perception such as eye movement analysis, pattern recognition and color appearance is introduced and described.View full abstractDownload PDF (8920K) -
F. GRANZER1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 235-241
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1137K) -
Richard K. HAILSTONE1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 242-249
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSComputer simulation is a required element in both enhancing our current understanding of image recording in silver halides and predicting future directions to pursue for improved properties of these materials. It is argued that simulations based on the nucleation- and- growth model are the most relevant, as this model has passed extensive testing. The model consists of both reverisible and irreversible processes, but simple simulations follow only the latter processes. Examples are presented which show how simulation predictions agree with results from development center, light latensification, and speed vs senitizer level studies. Despite these successes, an important limitation of these simulations is the inability to investigate spatial effects-grain size, halide phases, epitaxy, and space charge layers. With the advent of parallel processing technology it is now possible to do more detailed simulations to investigate these very practical considerations. Examples illustrating the power of this new simulation approach are taken from studies of the effect of grain size on the optimum trap depth and density, and of the effect of spatially inhomogeneous sensitizer center properties on the efficiency of latent-image formation. Computer simulation is a critically important tool in translating the physical properties of the silver halides into their photographic properties. This powerful tool will be the basis of computeraided design of emulsion grains for specific applications.View full abstractDownload PDF (1141K) -
Siegfried DAEHNE, Umberto De ROSSI, Johannes MOLL1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 250-259
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEnergy migration through dye aggregates, predicted in 1938 by Guenter Scheibe, is one of today' s most challenging topics of spectral sensitization. A definite proof of the effect, which is vividly investigated today, was given in the eighties only. We present a short review of the state of the art in this field considering not only the dynamics of energy migration but also its possible control mechanism by environmental and structural modifications and its consequences on spectral sensitization efficiency and nonlinear optical properties of J-aggregates.View full abstractDownload PDF (1935K) -
Yoshio INAGAKI, Takanori HIOKI, Takashi KATOH1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 260-265
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe chemical background for design of infrared sensitizing dyes newly introduced into the donor film for Pictrography 3000 is described.
1) Stabilization of Infrared Cyanine Dyes: The rates of oxidation by FeCl3 or by O2 of various infrared cyanine dyes were measured in aqueous acetonitrile solutions. The rates decreased with an increase in oxidation potential and also with an increase in bulkiness of substituents. Since these parameters are mutually independent, introduction of bulky group prevented infrared sensitizing dyes from oxidative degradation without affecting the redox potential which is essential for the sensitizing function.
2) Design of IR-J-Band Sensitizing Dyes: Relationship between structure and aggregation behavior of thiadicarbocyanine dyes were studied. Substituents on the bridging group of the methyne chain have essential effect on aggregation and tuning of wavelength of J- band. An unusual bathochromic shift of J- band due to the mixed aggregate formation was observed for the special combination of thiadicarbocyanines.View full abstractDownload PDF (584K) -
Hiroyuki KOBAYASHI1996 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 266-271
Published: February 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince the high contrast silver halide system using hydrazine infectious development came into the market more than ten years ago, it has continued to develop to meet demands for higher performance. In the present paper, the mechanism of hydrazine infectious development and the designs for lowering development pH and for eliminating selfquenching and pepper fog were reviewed, and matters to be clarified for further understanding of the mechanism were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (911K)
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