The commercial and tariff problem was one of the most important issues in the German Revolution of 1848. After the fall of the Continental System there was a flood of foreign, especially English manufactures in German market. English manufactures, brought from Hanse towns such as Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck, were spread over the Germany by merchants through the fairs and yearly markets. The German industries suffered damage from those foreign competition. The mercantile and shipping interests, which had much profit from the foreign trade, demanded for free trade system with the landlords of Ostelbe, most of whose agricultural products were exported to England. The German industries had made the rapid development during the thierties and forties. The machines were introduced by capitalitalists in the textile and metal industries, which led to the establishment of factories. The German industrialists, driving out the foreign manufactures, were step by step recovering the home market. The tradesmen from manufacturing districts such as Rheinland, Saxony and the South travelled with the sample of goods all over the country to accept the orders from the consumers and the local merchants. The Zollverein and the establishment of railroads accelerated the formation of these modern commercial organisation. Immediately after the outbreak of the Revolution the industrialists of the textil industries of the South and of those of the iron of Rheinland began to campaign for the economic unification of nation and an upward revision of tariff rates. In November there formed the "Allgemeine deutsche-Verein zum Schutz der vaterlandischen Arbeit," in which the factory-owners of the textile industries of the Sonth and those of iron in Rheinland had played the most important part. The Verein launched a campaign for the economic unification of Germany with the high tariff system. Protective industrialism had found vigorous spokesmen in Frankfurt Parliament, the members of the economic committee, of whom Bernhard Eisenstuck, Moritz Mohl and Bruno Hildebrand had been the eagerst. They thought the Parliament had its foundation on the working classes and their movements, which had demanded for the protection and maintenance of their own trade and labour. The protective delegates of the Parliament maintained the importance of economic problems, above all, the commercial unification of the nation with the higher tariff system, the freedom of industry and the abolition of feudal system. Thus the protectionism was not merely on the commercial and tariff problem, but, connected with the land and industrial problems, was one of the most important and basic ideas of the Revolution of 1848.

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(1) It is obvious that the characteristics of peasantry suffer a certain change in quality influenced by the development of capitalism. They show many differences and variations on their character both logically and historically, and should be divided into 4 types-(1) self-sufficient farming, (2) commercial farming based on self-sufficiency, (3) normal (reasonable) commercial farming, (4) commercialized farming of a business enterprise-which represent not only types, but also stages of development of peasantry. (2) The principle of price-formation of agricultural products is not unified, but must be given a certain modification and variation according to the types of stages of peasantry above-mentioned, which is explained definitely in the second part of this article. (3) The third part is devoted to explaining logically the relationship between the development of it above-mentioned. The actual condition of the former is ascertained in connection with the latter above-mentioned, too. (4) Finally, the conception of "commercialized farming of a business enterprise" and both logical and historical situation of it are defined as well as the condition of real formation and development of it, especially clarifying that this type of peasantry will appear and exsist conspicuously, as a matter of fact, since the stage of monopolistic capitalism, being a up-to-date and transitional existence in itself.

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