The purpose of this article is to make clear the relationship between the price formation specific to monopoly capitalism and the differential rates of profit between monopoly and non-monopoly sectors. The theoretical analysis of the structural differential rates of profit peculiar to monopoly capitalism has been a matter of concern because it expresses economically the expropriation of non-monopoly sectors by monopoly sectors. The theory which will explains price formation under monopoly capitalism will also clarify the formation of differential rates of profit. However, even if we understand that the structural differential rates of profit is constantly formed through monopolistic competition based on increased social productivity, there remains a problem which has to be examined through the logic which accounts for the development from the monopoly price formation to the structural differential rates of profit. This article consists of three parts. First, the structure of profit rates which the production price system formed by free competition brings is examined. Secondly, it is shown that the developments of the concentration and centralization process increase the minimum requirement of capital volume, and that this process divides industrial sectors into high concentrated and low concentrated sectors. The working of this mechanism will be regarded as a collapse of "capitalistic communism" which means that the monopolistic competition is the only form of competition. Thirdly, it is made clear through the theory of entry preventing price that the minimum rate of profit is much significant to the understanding of the structural differential rates of profit. Especially, even in a situation in which demand is increasing, the minimum rate of profit is to be determined by monopoly power, and the minimum rate of profit becomes a base upon which big capitals reproduce themselves as monopoly.

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In the late 19 th century the Russian national economy was included in the World Capitalism-System. Under the circumstances Russian State, which had been promoting the industrial modernization in order to keep abreast of the Western national economies, was faced with the regulation to fit the agricultural industry to the developmental direction of the Russian national economy. At this time, firstly, Russian State established the Ministry of Agriculture and National Property. Secondly, it concentrated the agricultural promoting sector (zemstvo and the agricultural associations, etc.), which independently had operated from each other, on the MANP. Finally, it formed the Agricultural Political System, which was constituted of the administrative management chain and the technical management chain. Under this System MANP promoted, on one hand, the extension of the agricultural improvement projects, the penetration of the agri-political intents, and, on the other hand, the construct of the state agri-technical system by the technical management chain. In the result, the effects of the agricultural improvements didn't sufficiently appear from MANP's agricultural policy. But, as the result of the formation of the Agricultural Political System, State broke into out a new channel to intervene in the agricultural industry. Moreover, as the System included the factors of the land-policy and the immigrant policy in the agricultural policy, it expanded and linked up with the Stolypin Land Reform. This paper proved the formation and development of the Russian Agricultural Political System with the opportunity of the establishment of MANP in 1894, in order to explore the character of the state-intervention into the Russian agricultural industry in 20th century.

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In the second half of the 19 th Century, Chilean agriculture became lucrative for the first time in history. A boom in the export market and an expansion of the domestic market made this possible - a phenomenon which continued to 1929 when the Great Depression broke out. The aim of this paper is to indicate the change of agricultural structure under the Chilean capitalist system in the second half of the 19 th Century and to analyze the transformation of the hacienda management and inquilino system paying special attention to the resulting regional differences in central Chile. Section I focuses on hacienda management. Observing how the agricultural structure changed during those years, brings to light the stark regional differences between developed regions and less developed regions. Section II focuses on the inquilino system. It is first pointed out that by the end of the 19 th Century, the inquilino system was transformed into a system similar to wage labor. Four case studies are presented to analyze the inquilino system more closely. This paper has two main conclusions. Chilean agriculture became capitalist due to the formation of markets and the rise of the agricultural commodity during the period under study. But essentially what really happened was the capitalist development of the landlord class, this is the first conclusion. These changes led to the polarization between developed and less developed regions. The four case studies exhibit the wide gaps of capitalist development between developed and less developed regions. The second conclusion is that it was during these years when different patterns of capitalist development in Chilean agriculture were established.

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