Peter the Venerable, 9th abbot of Cluny, facing the chronic crisis of domestic economy caused by excessive dependence on the use of money, came to adopt a system of mesatica per decanias, i.e. a rota system by which eighteen manorial centers, called decania, assumed the task of provisioning the monastery during a certain length of time. It aimed at rational running of estates and intensification of direct exploitation. In 1155-1156, the abbot wishing to reorganize the system of mesatica made commissioners draw up a complete Inventory concerning profits of each manor with the aid of Henri de Blois, bishop of Winchester. There remain only twelve Inventories handed down to us. We can make use of them to elucidate the structure of the manorial system of Cluny in the midst of the twelfth century. Surveying the catalogs of income from twelve manors, we can deduce the following conclusions. There are three kinds of resources. The profits obtained from peasant-holdings are mainly composed of money income, and are relatively small and fixed. We can find everywhere the conversion of labour services and renders in kind into fixed dues. Second, the profits from parish churches and from banalite constitute one of the steadiest sources of income. The former consists of "tithe and task" (decima et tascha) and of altar-revenues deriving from the sacerdotal ministry, i.e. oblationes que ad altare pertinent. The latter is composed of revenues of mills and bread-ovens. It is worthy of our attention that a domestic staff (familia decaniae) numbering about twenty or thirty individuals were fed on the produce of the mills and bread-ovens throughout the year. Third, the most substantial returns came from the manorial demesne. It produced twice as much wheat and rye, and five times as muchj wine as peasant holdings. The demesne was a veritable center of manorial system. The monks of Cluny, therefore, endeavored to keep their demesne in good condition, reconstructing and even enlarging them by clearing new ground or planting vines. In Cluniac decania, labour services offered by peasants were reducing. But each decania appears to have been sufficiently provided with manpower derived from its domestic staff called familia, who were responsible for cultivating demesne. The monastery of Cluny was far from being "rentier du sol".

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This study analizes the exchange policy in Japan in the 1920's. The main purpose of this study is to make clear a change of the manner by which the Finance Ministry tried to control the exchange rate. Preceding studies of this matter have not recognized the change clearly. According to them, throgh the 1920's the Finance Ministry sold foreign currency to the Yokohama Spiecie Bank, and the Bank sold the currency to the other banks. By this manner the Finance Ministry intended on controling the exchange rate. But this view is wrong. At the middle '20's that policy was turned. Afterwards, the Finance Ministry tried to rise the exchange rate by stimulating the speculative exchange market. And, this paper makes clear the background of this change. That is, firstly, the Yokohama Spiecie Bank couldn't cooperate with the Finance Ministry for going up the exchange rate, because the Bank suffered for his holding large amounts of foreign currency at that time (1925〜6). Secondly, the exchange market, especialy the Chinese market, had become speculative after the earthquake of 1923. Above all the Shanghai market had a peculiar organization "Shanghai Gold Stock Exchange Ltd." which was extremely speculative. Lastly, this paper will suggest the historical premise of the exchange control policy in the 1930's.

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With regard to the corporation apprenticeship in the 1920's, there exist two opposing views at present: According to one view its role is highly estimated in relation to the formation of "the prototype" of "the Japanese Employment System"; in the other, on the contrary, its retrocession at this period is stressed. The purpose of this paper is to give meaningful material to solve this problem by making clear the change from the period of WWI to the 1920's in Totei-Yoseijo, the corporation apprenticeship school, of the Hitachi Company. In the period of WWI, Yoseijo was faced by a critical situation, which was expressed in outstandingly high rates of turnover and of absence under tightening of the labor market and development of the labor movement. Removal of the influence of the labor unions in 1919-20 and the following panic of 1920, however, changed the situation drastically: the both rates sharply declined. Since these occasions, about 40% of Yoseijo graduates, presumably much more after the late 1920's, have been involved in "the Life Long Employment System". The change didn't stop here. Around the year of 1920, the workers of the Hitachi Co. were thought to be a kind of "stragglers" or "bankrupts." But such a low social status of the workers did change dramatically in the late 1920's, when Hitachi district developed as a company town through the growth of the Hitachi Co. in spite of the depression at that time. This brought a remarkable increase in the number of applicants for Yoseijo, and the competitive rate increassed nearly 10 times as much in 1930. Thus, Yoseijo could employ as apprentices those who had earned good grades at school. This, on the one hand, contributed to further decline of the rates of turnover and absence, and, on the other, made it possible to meet the need of skill based on scientific knowledge at this period.

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