The subject of this paper is to clarify the condition and the change of the relationship between the spinning companies and the cotton brokers, the cotton-yarn dealers in the Japanese spinning industry which was making its form in the Meiji & Taisho Era. We particulary consider the conditions of the settlement of bills, the mode of transactions, and the sphere of influence among spinning companies and merchants: the cotton brokers, the cotton-yarn dealers. We also consider the conditions of the process of circulation on the stage of the following three periods. 1. 1886〜1890 (the growth of the spinning capital) 2. 1897〜1901 (the establishment of the spinning capital) 3. 1912〜1915 (the growth of the monopoly in the spinning industry). The first period: The process of circulation did not yet perfectly work. The spinning companies were placed in a disadvantageous position concerning the condition of settlement of bills and the mode of transactions. The second period: The process of circulation worked perfectly. The cotton was payed by bills, and the cotton-yarn by cash. These conditions of payment were advantageous to the spinning companies. On the other side, the mode of transactions was disadvantageous to them because of disunion between the cotton brokers and the cotton-yarn dealers. They dealt in futures of cotton, and sold spots of cotton-yarn. The spinning companies were below the brokers and the dealers. The period between the second and the first: Spinning companies occupied the advantageous position in selling of cotton-yarn by shortening of production. Some of the companies combined exclusively with the trading companies by means of buying raw cotton and selling cotton cloth to export. They began to gain monopol-profit. The third period: Spinning companies got more advantageous position on the settlement of bills. They dealt in futures of cotton-yarn. So cotton brokers and cotton-yarn dealers combined together in the course of transactions. The spinning companies got position equal to the cotton brokers and the cotton-yarn dealers. After crisis of 1920, the spinning companies began to controll process of circulation, and some of them got monopol-profit withdrawn from cotton manufacturers.

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Herewith it is intended to throw light on the business organization in the Rhineland textile industries in the "pre-March Revolution period", which had been the most important sector in this very heart of German industrial revolution in the former half of the 19th century. We would rather limit our considerations, among manifold textile industries unfolding in this period, to cotton industry, the axis of the industrial revolution. The cotton indusury in Lower Rhine region had its origin in the Siamosen (cotton and linnen manufacture), which was transmitted of the Wupper valley into this area in 1770's, combinated with the hereditary linnen manufacture, and it was established finally in the Napoleonic period. There had been two centres of the Lower Rhine cotton industry i.e. Rheydt and Monchen=Gladbach on the left bank, and Barmen and Elberfeld in the Wupper valley on the right. These two areas made a very conspicuous contrast in their actions about the protective tariff problem in front of the pressure of English products' flood. The former throughout had been contending a protective duty on the imported twisted yarn, which made up a pre-condition of the rise of spinning industry, the leader of technical innovation in the pre-March Revolution period. The latter district, in favour of weavers, was entirely against this protection. Now out of what reason did this contrast come? We must investigate more deeply the business organization of the two types. This is also an important preliminary work in order tounderstand the process of the industrial revolution in Rhineland which went their course in full scale after 1848, as well as to grasp the stratification and constellation of several classes in this area in the March Revolution.

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The characteristics of the irrigation system in the present-day Japan are as follows; the conventional irrigation system which was collectively controlled is weakening and the private irrigation control system is appearing with the development of private farm management after the Land Reform, especially remarkably since 1955. The writer classifies the changes of the conventional irrigation system into three patterns: 1. The first pattern--which appeared when the type of rice production controlled collectively in the conventional irrigation system collapsed. The collapse is caused by social appreciation of labor value due to the development of commercial farming as well as agricultural techniques. 2. The second pattern--which is formed when the land irrigation pattern is changed following the change of the conventional irrigation system, for instance the change of the drainage period. In the second pattern, however, relatively small is the farmer's freedom in the choice of crops. The change of the conventional irrigation system occured when the less productive land was changed into the more productive land and the first type of differential rent was formed by application of new techniques and investment for land improvement. 3. The third pattern this is the typical pattern of the private irrigation control by small scale farmers. Farmers can choose crops more freely than in the second pattern. The development of this pattern is based on the change in production pattern caused by such type of large capital investment as resulting in more differential rent. Whereas, some of the collective irrigation control still survive and limit the private control even in the third pattern. It is connected to the fact that small scale farming has been prevalent notwithstanding the rapid development of agricultural productivity. The experience of the Republic of China which has established the collective farming system provides us with many suggestions how to improve fundamentally rice farming in our country.

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