This paper aims to make clear the significance for the theory of crisis of "Exposition of the Internal Contradictions of the Law" (chapter XV part III volume III of "Capital"). As is generally known, chapter XV consists of four section. However, until now many people have tryed to construct their respective theories of crisis by means of the fragmentary citation without caring their internal connection. Under the circumstances this paper has concentrated on the elucidation of the theoretical of connection capter XV. In the first section of chapter XV Marx says: The creation of surplus-value makes up the first act of the capitalist process of production, and in the second act of the process the entire mass of commodities including surplus-value must be sold. However, the conditions of direct exploitation, and those of realizing it, are not identical. They diverge not only in place and time, but also logically. The above-mentioned connection between the first act and the second act corresponds to that between volume I and II of "Capital". Therefore, a synthesis of the process of production and circulation includes the immanent contradiction concerning the realization of surplus-value, and the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall moves on the basis of such synthesis. In the second section the connection between the law and the immanent contradiction elucidated in the first section comes into question. Namely, though the law which has manysided contents may be summarized in the emulation between the decrease in the rate of profit and the increase in the absolute mass of profit, compensation of a fall in the rate of profit by a rise in the mass of profit cannot ignore the question concerning the realization of multitudes of commodities. However, the consumption under capitalism is limited by the pauperization of the great mass of producers, and a rift must continually ensue between the limited dimensions of consumption and a production which forever tends to exceed this immanent barrier. The inevitability of periodical crises is prescribed in this manner. The minimum capital required by an individual capitalist for the productive employment of labour rises through such periodical crises. The compensation of a fall in the rate of profit by a rise in the mass of profit applies only to the big, firmly placed capitalists that could accomplish the increasing concentration corresponding the rise in the minimum capital. On the contrary, for the mass of small dispersed capitals the fall in the rate of profit is not compensated through the mass of profit. This plethora of capital is accompanied by more or less considerable relative over-population. It is no contradiction at all under capitalism that there should be an excess of capital simultaneously with a. growing surplus of population. Thus in the third section Marx makes clear the consequence of the long-run movement of capitalist production.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the real condition of the Agricultural Gang System in England and thereby confirm the historical meaning of this system. This system was found in the eastern counties of England where the capitalistic farming made early progress. The distinctive feature of this system in so-called "the dual structure of employment", namely the gangmaster intervention into the contract relation between the employer and the employed. This feature was found particularly in the "public-gang", caused by the poor law or settlement law, and brought about various results, for instance the moral degradation or physical injury of the gangworker, the deduction from the gangworker's wage by the gangmaster and the low wage of the gangworker etc. Hitherto so-called "the dual structure of employment" has been understood as transitional structure. Therefore the Agricultural Gang System also began to disappear as transitional structure after sixties in the nineteenth century, immediately by the Agricultural Gangs Act (1867).

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This paper, taking note of the evolution of two new issues about farmlands--widespread occurence of blackmarket farmland lease unauthorized under the Agricultural Land Law and appearance of high rents in this situation--which have cropped up in the midst of a polarization of the farmers since the 1960's, attemps, first, to dwell on the process in which farm rents policy has evolved in the postwar years, and then in association with this evolution, to make a study of the characters of the farm rents which are formed with respect to paddy fields under the basic tone of a dissolution of the system of land ownership by land-owning farmers, before an attempt is made to cast light on the basic characters, of the present farmland lease and owner-farmers. 1. The standards for farm rents which are being formed at present are characterized by wide gaps between areas with high productivity and those with less productivity. Particularly in areas with high productivity. Particularly in areas with high productivity, there are cases in which the rent accounts for nearly half of the gross agricultural income. 2. With the farmlands classified into areas with high productivity, urban areas and areas with low productivity, a comparative study is made of the factors for computation of the standard rents (as determined by the Agricultural Commission), which are similar to those in Western countries, it might be said that out of the gross agricultural income, the tenant, albeit somewhat different depending on the situation, can only secure the cost for materials, cost for helping hands and the cost for his or her family members' labor, which is assessed according to such a low standard as for the wages of rural navvies, and that the rest of the gross agricultural income belongs to the landowner.

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